Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for producing (meth)acrylic acid and a process for producing (meth)acrylic acid with this apparatus wherein the apparatus enables to produce (meth)acrylic acid stably for a long period of time by effectively inhibiting the polymerization of (meth)acrylic acid in its production process (for example, in a reboiler). At least a part of the apparatus is made of a nickel-chromium-iron alloy with a molybdenum content of 3 to 20 mass %, but not including 3 mass %, or with a molybdenum content of 1 to 4 mass % and a copper content of 0.5 to 7 mass %.

Abstract: The present invention provides an industrially easy and economical method for purification of acrylic acid which enables to efficiently eliminate impurities from a crude acrylic acid containing aldehydes as the impurities while the formation of acrylic acid polymer is inhibited.

Abstract: A program is generated by combining program modules by displaying programs for guiding the combination of program modules and selecting one of the programs. Program modules stored in a memory are displayed on a display device by a command inputted from the input device, navigation programs for guiding the combination of program modules stored in the memory are retrieved by a command inputted from the input device, the retrieved navigation program group are displayed on the display device, a desired navigation program is selected from the navigation program group displayed on the display device, the navigation program is executed, a guide parameter outputted by the navigation program for the combination of program modules is designated, a connector module for combining program modules is generated from the guide parameter inputted from the input device, and the generated connector module is stored in the memory.

Abstract: An improved method which enables stable and effective recovery of acrylic acid over a prolonged period is provided, said method comprising contacting an acrylic acid-containing gas obtained upon gas-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein, with water, whereby collecting the acrylic acid in form of an aqueous solution, introducing said aqueous solution into an azeotropic separation column and distilling it in the presence of an azeotropic solvent to isolate and recover the acrylic acid, in which polymerization of the acrylic acid in the azeotropic separation column is prevented. Said method is characterized by using as the azeotropic solvent either a mixed solvent composed of solvent A (eg., ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, etc.) and solvent B (eg., toluene, heptane, etc.) (first embodiment) or the solvent A alone (second embodiment).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preventing contamination of a substrate or a substrate surface, and particularly relates to prevention of contamination of raw materials, semi-finished products, base materials of products and substrate surface in a high-tech industry such as in the production of semiconductors and liquid crystals. A gas coming into contact with a base material or substrate is purified by dust removing apparatus and adsorption and/or absorption apparatus so that the concentration of fine particles in the gas is below class 1,000 and a non-methane hydrocarbon concentration is below 0.2 ppm. Thereafter, the base material or the substrate surface is exposed to this gas.

Abstract: A client computer obtains an execution file name of an application to be started from the constitution file information thereof and notifies the application distribution request information to a server computer and upon receipt of it, the server computer obtains the execution file name of the application, distributes a file constituting the application to the client computer when the client computer is registered in the license information, decides whether the distribution of the application succeeds or not from the notification result, and starts the application by the client computer. By doing this, generation and use of an application program are realized in the same development environment and even if an application in the client computer is updated at the start of the application, an application requested to the client computer from the server computer can be set up automatically and remotely.

Abstract: A functional relation between components which can be extracted from an already existing program in advance is automatically extracted by a computer, or such a functional relation which cannot be extracted is defined by a developer, so that the preparation of a program by combining the components is assisted. A dictionary registration unit reads a source code file, analyzes, extracts a component definition, and extracts from the component definition information a counterpart component name, interface name, and interface definition, and registers component name, counterpart component name, interface information of the interface name, and interface definition body in a dictionary. Furthermore, when there is no source codes, the developer inputs the interface information from an input-output device, and registers in the dictionary.

Abstract: A program is generated by combining program modules by displaying programs for guiding the combination of program modules and selecting one of the programs. Program modules stored in a memory are displayed on a display device by a command inputted from the input device, navigation programs for guiding the combination of program modules stored in the memory are retrieved by a command inputted from the input device, the retrieved navigation program group are displayed on the display device, a desired navigation program is selected from the navigation program group displayed on the display device, the navigation program is executed, a guide parameter outputted by the navigation program for the combination of program modules is designated, a connector module for combining program modules is generated from the guide parameter inputted from the input device, and the generated connector module is stored in the memory.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for production of acrylic acid by subjecting propylene and/or acrolein to catalytic gas-phase oxidation with a molecular oxygen-containing gas. In the process, the mixed gas obtained by the catalytic gas-phase oxidation is contacted with an aqueous collecting agent containing acrylic acid, acetic acid and a poorly-soluble-in-water solvent, to form an aqueous acrylic acid solution; and the aqueous acrylic acid solution is subjected to azeotropic distillation in the presence of a poorly-soluble-in-water solvent to remove by-products and obtain high-purity acrylic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting polymerizable (meth)acrylic acid and esters thereof from polymerizing during their production, transportation and storage by using as the inhibitor N-oxyl compound and more than one compound selected from the group consisting of manganese salt compound, copper salt compound, 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidine compound and nitroso compound. The N-oxyl compound is one or more kinds selected from 2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl and 4,4',4"-tris-(2,2,6,6,-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl)phosphite. The combined use of the inhibitors provides superior inhibiting effect to use alone.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a polymerization inhibitor and a polymerization inhibiting method which enables the continuous operation of a device for producing vinyl compounds over a long period of time and virtually eliminates corrosion. Further, the polymerization inhibitors according to the present invention are superior in polymerization inhibition when transferring and storing the vinyl compound products and in other cases. The polymerization inhibitor according to the present invention contains manganese dithiocarbamate or a thiuram compound as an effective component. The polymerization inhibiting method of this invention comprises individual or joint use of said inhibitors, or joint use of a copper salt, another manganese salt, or quinones in addition to said inhibitors. Further, the method may comprise jointly using copper dithiocarbamates in a manganese salt as polymerization inhibitors, or jointly using quinones in addition to the salts.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting polymerizable (meth)acrylic acid and esters thereof from polymerizing during their production and storage by using as the inhibitor N-oxyl compound, phenol compound, and phenothiazine compound in combination with one another. The combined use of the three inhibitors provides superior inhibiting effect to use alone alone or in pairs.

Abstract: A process for producing acrylic acid is described, which process comprising providing a mixed gas of acrylic acid and by-products produced by catalytic gas phase oxidation of propylene and/or acrolein, contacting the mixed gas with water to obtain an aqueous solution, and adding an azeotrope solvent to the aqueous solution for distillation to obtain a mixture of the by-products, water and the azeotrope solvent from a tower top and acrylic acid from a tower bottom. Highly pure acrylic acid is obtained by using, as the azeotrope solvent, a mixed solvent of solvent A selected from diethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl-tert-butyl ketone, n-propyl acetate and mixtures thereof and solvent B selected from toluene, heptane, methyl cyclohexane and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Cleaning a closed space such as safety cabinets, clean boxes, safes and wafer storage spaces are performed by irradiating a photoelectron emitting member with ultraviolet rays and/or other forms of radiation to emit photoelectrons into the closed space, electrically charging the fine particles in the closed space with the emitted photoelectrons, and removing the charged fine particles from the closed space.

Abstract: A photoelectron emitting member and method of electrically charging fine particles with photoelectrons, wherein the member includes a matrix that is at least composed of a material capable of transmitting ultraviolet rays and a material that is provided on the surface of the matrix or in its neighborhood and which emits photoelectrons upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays or sunlight. The member emitting photoelectrons upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays or sunlight is disposed in an electric field from the side opposite to the irradiated side. The member permits efficient utilization of the energy of ultraviolet rays. When sunlight is applied to the member to have it emit photoelectrons, particles can be electrically charged with energy costs being reduced to substantially zero.

Abstract: A photoelectron emitting member having a multiplex structure comprises a matrix and a protective film. The matrix being selected from the group consisting of elements, inorganic compounds, alloys, mixtures thereof and composites thereof which emit photoelectrons upon exposure to uv rays and other forms of radiation, the protective film comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of metals, metallic compounds, plastics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, derivatives thereof or a mixture thereof which is film-forming and not thicker than 0.2 .mu.m. The member can be used in a consistent way over a prolonged period as well as being capable of effective emission of photoelectrons.

Abstract: There is provided a slide rail assembly, comprising an elongated inner rail and similarly elongated outer rail each having a U-shaped section and a pair of rounded lateral edge portions arranged vis-a-vis with the corresponding respective lateral edge portions of the other rail as well as a plurality of revolving bodies held between the juxtaposed rounded edge portions of the inner and outer rails, wherein the inside of said juxtaposed rounded lateral edge portions have a radius of curvature which is identical with that of the revolving objects so that the latter are arranged freely revolvably between the juxtaposed lateral edge portions with an appropriate space provided between any two neighboring revolving objects and each of the inner and the outer rails further comprises an intermediate rounded grooves running along the longitudinal axis of the rail to hold a number of intermediate revolving objects between the pair of intermediate rounded grooves, the inside of said rounded grooves and said intermediate

Abstract: A tri-organotin silatrane derivative represented by the general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein the R.sup.1 groups are identical or different and each represents an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl group, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, and m is a number of 2 or 3.The tri-organotin silatrane derivatives of the formula (I) are prepared by subjecting a 1-mercaptoalkylsilatrane and a tri-organotin hydroxide or bis(tri-organotin) oxide to a dehydration reaction, or reacting a 1-mercaptoalkylsilatrane derivative with a tri-organotin halide in the presence of a dehydrohalogenation agent, or subjecting a trialkoxysilane and a trialkanolamine to an ester-interchange reaction in the presence of an alkaline catalyst.The tri-organotin silatrane derivatives of the formula (I) are useful for an agricultural-horticultural pesticide, an industrial fungicide, an epidemic-preventing insecticide or an antifouling agent.

Abstract: A double panel sliding door arrangement where the two panels will lie in one plane when shut, said arrangement comprises upper and lower rails disposed on upper and lower wall portions of a door mounting frame to laterally move and guide right and left door panels by means of rollers provided at the upper and lower ends of the right and left sliding panels. The rails each have at the right and left sides thereof an oblique portion bent backwards, a rail switching portion and a guide portion in such a manner that one panel can be shifted beforehand, and to switch the rail. The sliding panels can be fully closed without a gap between the panels with only one rail without the necessity of chamfering the inner ends of the panels.

Abstract: An antifouling agent comprising as an antifouling component a substantially linear triorganotin-containing copolymer containing (a) at least one kind of N-coordinated triorganotin-containing recurring units of the formula (Ia) or (Ib) represented in the specification and (b) comonomer recurring units derived from at least one ethylenic vinyl compound as a comonomer. The antifouling agent is applied to a structure which is needed to be protected from fouling organisms to form a film of the copolymer on the structure.