Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a positive resist composition comprising a polymer comprising hydroxyalkylnaphthalene-bearing recurring units and acid labile group-bearing recurring units onto a substrate to form a resist film, heat treating and exposing the resist film to radiation, heat treating and developing the resist film with a developer to form a first pattern, and causing the resist film to crosslink and cure with the aid of heat or of acid and heat. A second pattern is then formed in the space area of the first pattern. The double patterning process reduces the pitch between patterns to one half.

Abstract: Double patterns are formed by coating a first chemically amplified positive resist composition comprising an acid labile group-bearing resin and a photoacid generator and prebaking to form a resist film on a processable substrate, exposing the resist film to high-energy radiation, PEB, and developing with an alkaline developer to form a first positive resist pattern, treating the first resist pattern to be alkali soluble and solvent resistant, coating a second resist composition and prebaking to form a reversal film, and exposing the reversal film to high-energy radiation, PEB, and developing with an alkaline developer to form a second positive resist pattern. The last development step includes dissolving away the reversed first resist pattern and achieving reversal transfer.

Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a first positive resist composition comprising a polymer comprising recurring units which become alkali soluble under the action of acid onto a substrate to form a first resist coating, heat treating, exposing, heat treating, developing to form a first resist pattern, applying a pattern surface coating composition comprising a hydroxyl-containing crosslinkable polymer onto the first resist pattern and crosslinking, thereby covering the first resist pattern with a crosslinked polymer film, applying a second positive resist composition thereon, heat treating, exposing, heat treating, and developing to form a second resist pattern.

Abstract: A bass reflex type speaker apparatus comprises a speaker box having an opening portion on a front surface, a speaker unit (1) mounted within the speaker box in conformity with the opening portion, and a tubular duct (7) that externally radiates sound from a rear surface of the speaker unit (1) disposed within the speaker box through phase inversion. The duct (7) has on the same plane one or a plurality of bent portions bent in substantially dogleg form and linear portions extending at both ends of the bent portion, the duct being disposed in parallel with the front surface of the speaker box. At least the longest linear portion of the linear portions is disposed tilted relative to wall surfaces except for the front and rear surfaces of the speaker box. It is thus possible to reduce the size, namely height, width and depth, of the speaker box incorporating the duct.

Abstract: A bass reflex type speaker apparatus comprises a speaker box having an opening portion on a front surface, a speaker unit (1) mounted within the speaker box in conformity with the opening portion, and a tubular duct (7) that externally radiates sound from a rear surface of the speaker unit (1) disposed within the speaker box through phase inversion. The duct (7) has on the same plane one or a plurality of bent portions bent in substantially dogleg form and linear portions extending at both ends of the bent portion, the duct being disposed in parallel with the front surface of the speaker box. At least the longest linear portion of the linear portions is disposed tilted relative to wall surfaces except for the front and rear surfaces of the speaker box. It is thus possible to reduce the size, namely height, width and depth, of the speaker box incorporating the duct.

Abstract: Data is efficiently transferred in a network system while a channel use state and/or a data transfer time is taken into consideration, without increasing the number of hardware communication lines between data processing systems. A data transfer efficiency optimizing apparatus for data processing terminals interconnected by a network, includes a data transfer control unit for setting a plurality of data transfer channels to the network and a data disassembly/assembly unit for disassembling data into data sets corresponding in number to the number of data transfer channels set by the data transfer control unit and for assembling the data sets into the original data. The data transfer control unit sets the plurality of transfer channels so as to obtain a shortest transfer time, according to communication statistical information and a transfer data amount, the communication statistical information including transfer channel running information collected beforehand by the data processing terminal.

Abstract: In a distributed application program system which includes a data transmission line, a plurality of server systems connected to the data transmission line and each including at least one application program for executing data processing by running the program, and a client system connected to the data transmission line and including at least one application program for executing data processing by running the application program, a method of controlling the distributed application program system is performed. The method includes the steps of preparing a library for storing system specifications of the individual systems in association with one of the plural server systems which is to serve as a master server system, and deciding whether or not a table provided in association with the client system already contains system specifications of the server system to which data processing is to be entrusted.