Abstract: Provided is a member for electrophotography that is not reduced in charge-providing performance even by its long-term storage and use under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and is hence conducive to the formation of a high-quality electrophotographic image. The member for electrophotography includes: an electroconductive substrate; and an electroconductive layer, in which: the electroconductive layer contains a resin having a cationic organic group in a molecule thereof and an anion; a total sum of contents of an alkali metal and an alkali earth metal in the electroconductive layer is 500 ppm or less; and the anion includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorosulfonate anion, a fluorocarboxylate anion, a fluorosulfonylimide anion, a fluorosulfonylmethide anion, a fluoroalkylfluoroborate anion, a fluorophosphate anion, a fluoroantimonate anion, and a fluoroarsenate anion.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member capable of forming a high-quality electrophotographic image. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and an electroconductive resin layer on the electroconductive substrate, in which the electroconductive resin layer contains a resin having, in the molecule, a specific cation structure, and a specific anion.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a member for electrophotography that can inhibit the adhesion of dirt to the outer surface. The member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and first particles, the surface of the surface layer has first convexes derived from the first particles, the first particles resulting in the first convex has an average inter-particle surface distance of 50 nm or less, the first particles have a number-average particle diameter of 200 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the surface of the surface layer has a universal hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a member for electrophotography that can inhibit the adhesion of dirt to the outer surface. The member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and first particles, the surface of the surface layer has first convexes derived from the first particles, the first particles resulting in the first convex has an average inter-particle surface distance of 50 nm or less, the first particles have a number-average particle diameter of 200 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the surface of the surface layer has a universal hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A member for electrophotography for use in forming a high quality electrophotographic image for a long period is provided. The member for electrophotography includes a support, an elastic layer on the support, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a quaternary ammonium salt and an epichlorohydrin rubber. The surface layer includes a material having a specific structure. A universal hardness a surface of the surface layer is 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 5.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography which is suppressed in adhesion of a contaminant to a surface thereof. The electroconductive member for electrophotography includes, in this order, an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 nm or more and 50.0 nm or less. At least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer. The surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles. The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?cm or less and a universal hardness at a depth of 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography having a stable charging ability. The electroconductive member includes, in this order, an electroconductive substrate, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymer having a urethane linkage. The polymer has, in the molecule, structures included in at least two groups selected from: Group A of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (1); Group B of at least one of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (2) or structures each represented by a structural formula (3); and Group C of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (4). The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?·cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?·cm or less, and the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus includes a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging roller that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and applies a direct current voltage to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a driving force transmission that transmits a driving force which causes rotation so that contact portions of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging roller move in the same direction and the peripheral speed of the charging roller is higher than the peripheral speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains metal oxide and the undercoat layer has a volume resistivity of 1×107 ?·cm or more and 1×1014 ?·cm or less.

Abstract: A polymer nanofiber sheet including polymer nanofibers having a polymer, the polymer nanofibers being accumulated and three dimensionally entangled. The polymer nanofiber sheet has a low molecular weight organic compound containing at least one 4- or higher-membered ring structure with an ether linkage. The difference between the average solubility parameter of the polymer and the average solubility parameter of the low molecular weight organic compound is less than 8 (J/cm3)1/2.

Abstract: Provided is a porous laminate having satisfactory resistance to a mechanical load such as a bending stress while maintaining the characteristics of a porous structure. A porous laminate includes: a layer A formed on a support, the layer A including a porous film containing polymer nanofibers; and a layer B formed on the layer A, the layer B including a porous film containing polymer nanofibers, in which: an existence ratio of the polymer nanofibers contained in the layer A) is larger than an existence ratio of the polymer nanofibers contained in the layer B; and a difference between the existence ratio of the polymer nanofibers contained in the layer A and the existence ratio of the polymer nanofibers contained in the layer B is more than 40%.

Abstract: Provided is such a conductive member that a change in its electrical resistance value caused by its long-term use is reduced to the extent possible. The conductive member has a conductive support and a conductive layer, the conductive layer contains a rubber composition formed of a modified epichlorohydrin rubber, and the modified epichlorohydrin rubber has a unit represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), R1, R2, and R3 each independently represent hydrogen or a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an image bearing member; a charging member for electrically charging the image bearing member in contact with the image bearing member; and a developing member for supplying developer in contact with the image bearing member. The developer remaining on the image bearing member after transfer is collected by the developing member. A Martens hardness HMR of a surface of the charging member and a Martens hardness HMD of a surface of the developer satisfy the following relationship: HMD>HMR.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member having excellent deformation recovery even when stored or used under a high temperature and high humidity environment, which is useful in forming a high-quality electrophotographic image; a process cartridge; and an electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic member of the present invention includes a conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer; the electro-conductive layer including a resin synthesized from an ion conducting agent and a compound being able to react with the ion conducting agent; the ion conducting agent including a specific anion and a cation having at least three hydroxyl groups; the compound being able to react with the hydroxyl group.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member in which an increase in resistance is small even in use at low temperature and which contributes to the formation of a high quality electrophotographic image, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using this electrophotographic member as a charging member or a developer carrying member. Therefore, the electrophotographic member of the present invention is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer includes a urethane resin and an ion-conductive agent, the urethane resin has, between two adjacent urethane bonds, a structure represented by formula (1) and at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3), and the ion-conductive agent contains a particular anion.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic electro-conductive member containing an ion-exchange group structure in an electro-conductive layer, whereby the bleeding of an ionic conductive agent to the surface of the electro-conductive layer is suppressed and reduction in electro-conductivity caused by electrification is low. For this purpose, the electrophotographic member of the present invention is an electrophotographic member having an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a resin having any one or more of partial structures represented by the specific formulas (1) to (7) in the molecule, and an anion.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member conducive to the formation of a high-quality electrophotographic image, the member showing a small increase in resistance even after long-term electrification under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic member as a charging member and/or a developer carrying member. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic member including a substrate and an electro-conductive layer, in which the electro-conductive layer contains a resin having a structure unit represented by the following structural formula (1) and a specific anion: in the structural formula (1), R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Z represents a cationic organic group.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly electro-conductive electrophotographic member which contributes to formation of high-quality electrophotographic images while bleeding out of an ion conducting agent is reduced, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. Accordingly, the electrophotographic member according to the present invention includes an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a resin synthesized from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation and a compound being able to react with the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation, and an anion; the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation has two substituents bonded to hydroxyl groups; and the substituent bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom of a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle of the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic electroconductive member in which an excessive decrease in resistance of an electroconductive roller in a high-temperature/humidity environment is suppressed and an electric resistance value in a low-temperature/humidity environment is reduced, and thus the electric resistance value is optimized without depending on use conditions and a usage environment. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus that contribute to the stable formation of an electrophotographic image of high quality over a long period of time. The electrophotographic electroconductive member includes an electroconductive mandrel and an electroconductive resin layer formed on an outer periphery of the electroconductive mandrel. The electroconductive resin layer contains a cation and at least one kind of a bis(oxalato)borate anion or a tris(oxalato)phosphate anion.

Abstract: Provided are a hydroxy compound and an ion conducting agent each having excellent electroconductivity. Also provided is an electroconductive resin composition suppressed in bleeding and excellent in electroconductivity through the use of the hydroxy compound. Specifically, provided are a hydroxy compound represented by the following general formula (1), and an ion conducting agent including the hydroxy compound.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member that has a high excessive charging-suppressing effect under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, and has high charge-providing performance under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic member. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer, the electro-conductive resin layer contains a cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of anions represented by the following formulae (1) to (5): where X represents an arbitrary halogen atom, n in the structural formula (4) represents an integer of from 2 to 6, and n in the structural formula (5) represents an integer of 2 or 3.