Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device having a heat dissipating layer including forming first separation grooves in a front surface of the semiconductor substrate; forming second separation grooves at bottoms of the first separation grooves; forming a linkage metal layer in the second semiconductor grooves; and cutting the linkage metal layer using laser light. According to this method, the top of the linkage metal layer is spaced from the surface of the semiconductor substrate and thus short-circuiting between the linkage metal layer and wires is avoided.

Abstract: To make organic fertilizer by performing fermentation treatment of organic waste containing a large quantity of water content such as garbage, while maintaining conditions of treatment suitable for fermentation. A fermentation treatment apparatus of organic waste according to the present invention is constituted in such a way that a steam supply pipe 3 is connected to a jacket part 2 of a fermentation tank 1 by way of reducing valves 17 and 18, and a vacuum pump 4 is connected below the jacket part 2 by way of a communicating line 27. When steam reduced in pressure lower than 100° C. is supplied into the jacket part 2, the waste housed within the fermentation tank 1 can be promptly treated with fermentation by utilizing condensation heat of steam. Furthermore, the air at a predetermined humidity is supplied into the fermentation tank 1 from the air supply part 36, so that fermentation treatment due to aerobic bacteria can be performed in a short time and efficiently.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire for passenger car has a direction tread pattern defined by a plurality of circumferential grooves and a plurality of directional slant grooves arranged at given intervals in the circumferential direction, wherein a circumferential center rib is formed in the central zone of the tread by a pair of circumferential center grooves, and a pair of circumferential middle ribs are formed by the pair of circumferential center grooves and a pair of circumferential side grooves, and a pair of circumferential side ribs are formed by the pair of circumferential side grooves and a pair of tread ends, and the directional slant grooves are directional slant center grooves formed in the circumferential middle rib and directional slant side grooves formed in the pair of circumferential side ribs, provided that each of the directional slant center grooves is opened to either of the circumferential center groove and the circumferential side groove and terminated in the circumferential middle rib and each of the

Abstract: A pneumatic radial tire comprises a tread portion having a two-layer structure of a cap rubber layer disposed outward in the radial direction and a base rubber layer disposed inward in the radial direction, in which an outer surface of said base rubber layer in the radial direction being existent in a position corresponding to not less than 20% of a depth of a main groove formed in the tread portion outward from a bottom of the main groove in the radial direction, and the base rubber layer being compounded with a recrosslinking inhibition assistant and/or an inorganic compound powder.

Abstract: A semiconductor wafer is prepared which includes a semiconductor layer having on its surface a plurality of functional devices, and a separation line region surrounding and separating the plurality of functional devices from one another. A metal layer is formed on the surface of separation line region of semiconductor region. A reinforcing layer is formed on the surface of semiconductor wafer. By selectively etching the back surface of semiconductor layer, a hole is formed to surround the peripheries of functional device, passing through semiconductor layer and reaching from the back surface to metal layer. Reinforcing plate is removed from semiconductor wafer. Metal layer is irradiated with laser and fused to provide a plurality of semiconductor chips separated from one another.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate having front and back surfaces and a heat dissipating metal layer on the back surface. The semiconductor substrate includes side surfaces covering a metal layer. The side surfaces are outwardly tapered and include a pair of upper side surfaces and lower side surfaces. A protrusion bearing semiconductor elements extends from the front surface of the substrate in a direction opposite the back surface of the substrate. The side surfaces of the protrusion are not metal covered. Thus, short-circuiting between wires connected to the semiconductor elements and the metal layer covering the side surfaces is avoided.

Abstract: A semiconductor wafer is prepared which includes a semiconductor layer having on its surface a plurality of functional devices, and a separation line region surrounding and separating the plurality of functional devices from one another. A metal layer is formed on the surface of separation line region of semiconductor region. A reinforcing layer is formed on the surface of semiconductor wafer. By selectively etching the back surface of semiconductor layer, a hole is formed to surround the peripheries of functional device, passing through semiconductor layer and reaching from the back surface to metal layer. Reinforcing plate is removed from semiconductor wafer. Metal layer is irradiated with laser and fused to provide a plurality of semiconductor chips separated from one another.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for adjusting vehicle wheel alignment in which a positional angle of a wheel corresponding to the characteristics of a tire can be set easily, running stability suited for an actual road surface can be obtained, and one-sided wear can be reduced.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire having an aspect ratio of not more than 55% comprises a carcass composed of a single carcass ply, in which a turnup end portion of the carcass ply is disposed between an end portion of a belt and a crown portion of the carcass ply, and distances L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 from a central position of a bead core to an outer end of a bead filler and to a maximum width of the carcass in the radial direction of the tire satisfy a relationship of L.sub.1 .gtoreq.L.sub.2 and within given ranges with respect to a section height (H) of the tire, respectively.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire the aspect ratio of which is not more than 50% has, for reinforcing a tread portion, a belt comprising at least two rubber coated cord layers having cords arranged obliquely at angles with respect to an equatorial plane of the tire of 26.degree. or more, and a belt reinforcing layer arranged outside the belt and comprising at least one organic fiber cord layer having cords arranged substantially parallel with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. The tire is molded in a mold with a cross-sectional profile of a molded surface facing the tread portion having a radius smaller than that of a nominal tire cross-sectional profile by 1% or more of a section width of the tire and forming a convex curve to a cavity.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus which performs a rotating process at a specified angle on the image data entered into it and forms image data as processed for rotation thereof on a page memory device. In the image processing apparatus, it is possible to perform a rotating process at a specified angle on the image data which are different in the number of bits per one pixel, using the same device, by performing the processing operations in the writing/reading address generating units and by controlling the changeover of the operations by the image data synthesizing unit, in accordance with a preset value indicating the image structure information in the image data entered into the image processing apparatus. Above all, it is possible for the image processing apparatus efficiently to perform the processes for rotating the image data by 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees.

Abstract: An exhaust purification device includes a catalytic converter for purifying exhaust gas from an engine, air-fuel ratio sensors provided on the upstream side and downstream side of the catalytic converter, respectively, for detecting the concentration of a specific component in the exhaust gas, a control device for processing the output of the air-fuel ratio sensors and generating a signal based on the processed output, and a catalyst degradation warning device which operates according to the signal generated by the control device for warning an operator of a degraded catalyst, where the responsiveness of the downstream side air-fuel ratio sensor is lower than the responsiveness of the upstream side air-fuel ratio sensor.

Abstract: A pneumatic radial tire comprising a pair of bead portions and sidewall portions and a tread portion connecting the sidewalls. At least one radial carcass layer reinforcing said portions is positioned between two beads embedded in the bead portions. A belt comprises at least two layers having cords crossing each other from one layer to the next, a cap circumferentially wound having organic fiber cords therein and reinforcing rubber layers in an entire region of the side wall portions supporting a load of the tire having a crescent shaped cross section along an inner side of the carcass. At least one tie-element layer resisting force generated in width directions of the tire and having many cords oriented substantially orthogonally with respect to an equatorial plane of the tire is arranged between the belt and the cap.

Abstract: A compound semiconductor device includes a carrier supply layer supplying free charge carriers and having high dopant impurity concentration regions with a prescribed width, disposed in stripe shapes along a main current flow direction, parallel to each other, and spaced at an interval, and a carrier channel layer to which free charge carriers are supplied from the carrier supply layer including an electron channel having a high free carrier density at portions corresponding to respective high dopant impurity concentration regions of the carrier supply layer in the vicinity of a heterojunction interface. The heterojunction interface formed by the carrier channel layer and the carrier supply layer has a periodic undulating shape with convex portions and valley portions in stripe shapes extending parallel to the main current flow direction.

Abstract: To minimize the capacity of a random access memory for storing display data of a display controller for displaying characters or the like on a television screen, the display data is divided into the data for characters or the like and the blank data free from characters with a discriminator, the data for characters or the like are stored in the random access memory every unit address, the number of non-characters shown by the blank data is counted by a counter, and the cumulative counted number is stored in the unit address of the random access memory. When the blank data is displayed, the counted number is read from the random access memory and non-character signals equivalent to the counted number are output to a display unit.

Abstract: A vehicle such as a railroad car is constructed by connecting together side and roof blocks, each equipped with interior components, in a manner to improve the outer appearance of the connections between the side and roof blocks. Longitudinal beams of the side blocks are in contact with the under surfaces of gutters formed by the outer plate of the roof block. The side and roof blocks, equipped with the interior components, are connected together at the gutter portions by a welding which can be conducted solely outside the vehicle. Inside the vehicle, the longitudinal beams and joints secured to the side blocks are connected to lateral beams of the roof block by rivets. Thereafter, a third interior plate is provided between interior plates of the side and roof blocks. Since the connections are formed at the gutter portions, the connecting operations can easily be conducted outside the vehicle and in a manner to assure a good outer appearance.

Abstract: A field effect transistor with improved operation speed and reduced noise includes a drain electrode disposed on a channel layer with a contact layer interposed therebetween, a source electrode, and a gate electrode disposed between the drain and source electrodes. A resonant tunneling diode is disposed between the source electrode and the channel region for supplying hot electrons to the channel layer beneath the gate electrode.

Abstract: A pneumatic radial tire comprising a pair of bead portions and sidewall portions and a tread portion connecting the sidewalls. At least one radial carcass layer reinforcing said portions is positioned between two beads embedded in the bead portions. A belt comprises at least two layers having cords crossing each other from one layer to the next, a cap circumferentially wound having organic fiber cords therein and reinforcing rubber layers in an entire region of the side wall portions supporting a load of the tire having a crescent shaped cross section along an inner side of the carcass. At least one tie-element layer resisting force generated in width directions of the tire and having many cords oriented substantially orthogonally with respect to an equatorial plane of the tire is arranged between the belt and the cap.