Abstract: The toner is a toner including a toner particle comprising a binder resin, a crystalline material, wherein, when a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material in a toner surface observed with a scanning electron microscope after ruthenium-staining the toner under a specific condition (1) is represented by S1 (%), a ratio of an area occupied by the crystalline material in the toner surface observed with the scanning electron microscope after ruthenium-staining the toner under a condition (2) is represented by S2 (%), and a dispersion diameter of a plurality of domains formed of the crystalline material on the toner surface observed with the scanning electron microscope after the ruthenium-staining the toner under the condition (2) is represented by R2 (nm), the following expressions (1), (2), and (3) are satisfied. 0 . 0 ? S 1 ? 0.5 ( 1 ) 1.0 ? S 2 ? 10.

Abstract: There is provided a toner containing: a toner particle containing a binder resin, a releasing agent, and a colorant; and an iron oxide particle present on a surface of the toner particle, in which the iron oxide particle has a surface containing a compound having a specific structure.

Abstract: To provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery and achieving a desirable discharge capacity. A positive electrode active material that is an aggregate of lithium compounds each including a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, includes particles having a surface on which a solid film including at least two of an inorganic salt including lithium, a solid particle, and an organic material, is formed. The solid film preferably includes at least the organic material, and preferably includes all of the inorganic salt including lithium, the solid particle, and the organic material.

Abstract: To provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery and achieving a desirable output. In a positive electrode active material that is an aggregate of lithium compounds each including a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a recess is formed between primary particles constituting the positive electrode active material. A solid film containing lithium is formed in at least a part of the recess. The solid film has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 70 nm or less. The coverage rate, which is the proportion of the surface area of the recess covered by the solid film formed with respect to the entire surface area of the recess, is preferably 30% to 70%.

Abstract: To provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery and achieving a desirable discharge capacity. A positive electrode active material that is an aggregate of lithium compounds each including a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, includes particles having a surface on which a solid film including a plurality of types of lithium salts is formed. The solid film preferably includes a fluorine compound and a phosphorus compound. The solid film preferably contains 70 mol % or more of fluorine atoms with respect to the total number of moles of the fluorine atoms and phosphorus atoms.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor member is disclosed. The method can include measuring a first mass of a semiconductor substrate including a first semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type. The method can include forming a first opening in an upper surface of the first semiconductor layer. The method can include measuring a second mass of the semiconductor substrate in which the first opening is formed. In addition, the method can include when forming a second semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type in the first opening, changing an impurity concentration of the second conductivity type in the second semiconductor layer according to a difference in mass between the first mass and the second mass.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a core particle comprising a binder resin and a wax, and a shell formed on a surface of the core particle, wherein the wax comprises a wax A, the shell comprises a resin comprising a functional group B, the wax A has a surface charge density DA of ?0.0080 to ?0.0025, and an absolute difference |DA?DB| between the surface charge density DA of the wax A and a surface charge density DB of the functional group B is not more than 0.0025.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a core particle comprising a binder resin and a diester wax, and a shell on a surface of the core particle, wherein the following formulas (1) and (2) are satisfied, where Sp is a partition coefficient of the shell and Wp is a partition coefficient of the diester wax: Sp?0.40??(1), and 16.00?Wp?Sp?20.00??(2).

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle that contains a binder resin and inorganic fine particles, wherein the binder resin contains a polymer A that includes a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer that is different from the first polymerizable monomer; the first polymerizable monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylate esters having an alkyl group having 18 to 36 carbons; the SP value of the first monomer unit and the SP value of the second monomer unit satisfy a specified relationship; each of the inorganic fine particles contains a substrate containing at least one inorganic element selected from metal elements and metalloid elements, and a coating layer; and the coating layer has a specified structure.

Abstract: A cell unit is provided for a solid oxide fuel cell, and has a sequential stack of a power generation cell, an auxiliary collector layer and a separator. The power generation cell includes a cathode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an anode layer. The auxiliary collector layer assists electrical contact. The separator is provided with flow passage portions that define a gas flow passage for gas. The auxiliary collector layer has a curved in an arch shape that is disposed so as to overlap the gas flow passage in the stacking direction, and that is curved so as to project toward the power generation cell side.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a resin component, wherein the resin component contains an amorphous polyester and a crystalline polyester, and in depth profile measurement of secondary ions on the toner particle surface by TOF-SIMS, given Ia(t) as the intensity of secondary ions derived from the amorphous polyester, Ic(t) as the intensity of secondary ions derived from the crystalline polyester, and I(t) as the total detected intensity of secondary ions derived from resin contained in the toner particle at a depth of t (nm) from the toner particle surface, the following formulae are satisfied within the range of 0?t?10: Ia(t)>Ic(t)>0.0000 (Ia(t)+Ic(t))/I(t)?0.80 and there is only one point of intersection between the depth profile curve of Ia(t) and Ic(t) within the range of 10?t?30.

Abstract: Provided is a toner external additive containing a base material, wherein the base material is surface-treated with an isocyanurate ring-bearing silane coupling agent, and a toner including a toner particle and a toner external additive on a surface of the toner particle, wherein the toner external additive is the aforementioned toner external additive.

Abstract: A fuel battery cell comprising a battery structure 1 and a support plate 2, the battery structure 1 having a power generation region G of a lamination of an anode electrode layer 4, an electrolyte layer 5, and a cathode electrode layer 6, and the support plate 2 being made of metal, being disposed on the anode electrode layer 4 side of the battery structure 1, in which the support plate 2 integrally includes a main body part 2A and a frame part 2B, the main body part 2A having gas permeability, the frame part 2B having gas impermeability and having small thickness, the support plate 2B has a step surface 2D between the main body part 2A and the frame part 2B, on the surface on the anode electrode layer 4 side, and the electrolyte layer 5 is disposed in a way it extends to the step surface 2D and the frame part 2B, is provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell FC includes a cell structure 1 in which an anode electrode layer 11, an electrolyte layer 13 and a cathode electrode layer 15 are stacked. The anode electrode layer 11 is arranged in the middle, and has an electrode reacting part 11 having a thermal expansion coefficient greater than a thermal expansion coefficient of the electrolyte layer, and an outer peripheral part 113 arranged adjacent to the electrode reacting part 111 on an outer periphery of the electrode reacting part 111, the outer peripheral part 113 having a thermal expansion coefficient smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of the electrode reacting part 111. The fuel cell FC is arranged on the anode electrode layer side of the cell structure 1, and further includes a metallic supporting plate 2 that supports the cell structure 1.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle that contains a binder resin and inorganic fine particles, wherein the binder resin contains a polymer A that includes a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer that is different from the first polymerizable monomer; the first polymerizable monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylate esters having an alkyl group having 18 to 36 carbons; the SP value of the first monomer unit and the SP value of the second monomer unit satisfy a specified relationship; each of the inorganic fine particles contains a substrate containing at least one inorganic element selected from metal elements and metalloid elements, and a coating layer; and the coating layer has a specified structure.

Abstract: A fuel battery cell comprising a battery structure 1 and a support plate 2, the battery structure 1 having a power generation region G of a lamination of an anode electrode layer 4, an electrolyte layer 5, and a cathode electrode layer 6, and the support plate 2 being made of metal, being disposed on the anode electrode layer 4 side of the battery structure 1, in which the support plate 2 integrally includes a main body part 2A and a frame part 2B, the main body part 2A having gas permeability, the frame part 2B having gas impermeability and having small thickness, the support plate 2B has a step surface 2D between the main body part 2A and the frame part 2B, on the surface on the anode electrode layer 4 side, and the electrolyte layer 5 is disposed in a way it extends to the step surface 2D and the frame part 2B, is provided.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle containing a resin component, wherein the resin component contains an amorphous polyester and a crystalline polyester, and in depth profile measurement of secondary ions on the toner particle surface by TOF-SIMS, given Ia(t) as the intensity of secondary ions derived from the amorphous polyester, Ic(t) as the intensity of secondary ions derived from the crystalline polyester, and I(t) as the total detected intensity of secondary ions derived from resin contained in the toner particle at a depth oft (nm) from the toner particle surface, the following formulae are satisfied within the range of 0?t?10: Ia(t)>Ic(t)>0.0000 (Ia(t)+Ic(t))/I(t)?0.80 and there is only one point of intersection between the depth profile curve of Ia(t) and Ic(t) within the range of 10?t?30.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell includes a metal support cell, in which an anode layer containing nickel, an electrolyte layer and a cathode layer are stacked on a metal support portion. In the method for activating the anode layer in the solid oxide fuel cell, first, an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the anode layer to oxidize the nickel. Next, a hydrogen-containing gas HG is introduced into the anode layer to reduce the nickel oxide formed by oxidizing the nickel, and to increase conduction paths of the nickel that electrically connect the electrolyte layer to the metal support part in the anode layer.

Abstract: A cell unit is provided for a solid oxide fuel cell, and has a sequential stack of a power generation cell, an auxiliary collector layer and a separator. The power generation cell includes a cathode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an anode layer. The auxiliary collector layer assists electrical contact. The separator is provided with flow passage portions that define a gas flow passage for gas. The auxiliary collector layer has a curved in an arch shape that is disposed so as to overlap the gas flow passage in the stacking direction, and that is curved so as to project toward the power generation cell side.

Abstract: Provided is a toner external additive containing a base material, wherein the base material is surface-treated with an isocyanurate ring-bearing silane coupling agent, and a toner including a toner particle and a toner external additive on a surface of the toner particle, wherein the toner external additive is the aforementioned toner external additive.