Abstract: A press-through packaging material is disclosed including, in sequence, a substrate, an opaque underlayer laminated on at least a part of the surface of the substrate, and a printing layer that contains a colored metal pigment, and that is formed on at least a part of the surface of the opaque underlayer. The colored metal pigment includes a metal pigment, an amorphous silicon oxide film layer formed on the surface of the metal pigment, and metal particles supported on a part of or on the entire surface of the amorphous silicon oxide film layer, the opaque underlayer having a mass per unit area of 0.5 g/m2 or more and 3.0 g/m2 or less, and the printing layer having a mass per unit area of 1.0 g/m2 or more and 3.5 g/m2 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides a packaging material that allows for lesser adsorption of a medicinal component on the material, that can be processed into a packaging pouch without using an adhesive, and that has excellent tearability. Specifically, the present invention provides a packaging material including, on or above one or both surfaces of a substrate, a primer layer and a low-adsorption coating layer with a grammage of 0.5 to 20 g/m2 in this order, wherein the primer layer contains an acid-modified product of a block copolymer that contains a block A containing a structural unit derived from an aromatic vinyl compound, and a block B containing a structural unit derived from a conjugated diene compound and/or an acid-modified product of a hydrogenated product of the block copolymer; and the low-adsorption coating layer contains a cyclic polyolefin.

Abstract: A particulate detector that is used to detect a particulate in gas, the particulate detector includes an electric-charge generator that applies an electric charge generated by electric discharge to the particulate in the gas that is introduced into a gas flow path to obtain a charged particulate and a first collector that collects an excess electric charge that is not applied to the particulate and a second collector that collects the charged particulate and a detection unit that corrects a second physical quantity that varies in response to the charged particulate collected by the second collector on the basis of a first physical quantity that varies in response to the excess electric charge collected by the first collector and that detects an amount of the particulate on the basis of the corrected second physical quantity.

Abstract: A particle detection device includes a ceramic housing, a charge generator that adds electric charge generated in accordance with electric discharge to particles in gas introduced into a gas channel so as to turn the particles into charged particles, a collector that collects the charged particles, and a number measuring device that detects the number of particles based on an electric current that changes in accordance with the charged particles collected by the collector. The collector has a collection electrode exposed in the gas channel and a counter electrode facing the collection electrode with the gas channel interposed therebetween. The housing has a guard electrode that absorbs a leakage current flowing from the counter electrode toward the collection electrode via the housing.

Abstract: A particle detection element used to detect the number of particles in a gas includes: a casing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes; an electric charge generating unit that imparts charges generated by a discharge to the particles in the gas introduced into the casing to thereby form charged particles; and a collecting unit including a collecting electrode that is disposed inside the casing and collects a collection target that is the charged particles or the charges not imparted to the particles. The casing has a reinforcing portion on at least one of an outer circumferential surface and an inner circumferential surface of the casing, and the reinforcing portion partially thickens a wall of the gas flow passage.

Abstract: A particle detection element includes: a casing having a gas flow passage; an electric charge generating unit that imparts charges to particles in a gas introduced into the casing to thereby form charged particles; a collecting unit including at least one collecting electrode that is disposed so as to be exposed to the gas flow passage and collects a collection target that is the charged particles or the charges not imparted to the particles; and a heating unit that heats the collecting electrode. The casing includes at least one collecting electrode-disposed wall on which at least one of the at least one collecting electrode is disposed. At least one of the at least one collecting electrode-disposed wall has a thin-central wall shape whose thickness in a cross section perpendicular to a center axis of the gas flow passage is smaller in a central portion than in other portions.

Abstract: A particle detection element used to detect particles in gas, the particle detection element includes a housing having a gas flow passage through which the gas passes, wherein the gas flow passage is a rectangular-cuboid-shaped space that extends continuously from a gas inlet having a rectangular shape to a gas outlet having same shape as the shape of the gas inlet, and when the particle detection element is disposed in the flow of the gas so that the gas passes through the gas flow passage, a low-flow-velocity region in which the gas flows at a flow velocity lower than a flow velocity at which the gas passes through the gas flow passage is generated in a region downstream of the gas outlet.

Abstract: A particle counter includes a charge generation unit that applies charges generated by discharge to particles in a gas introduced into a gas flow channel to generate charged particles, a collection electrode that collects the charged particles, and a counting unit that determines the number of particles on the basis of a physical quantity that changes in accordance with the number of charged particles collected by the collection electrode. The counting unit determines an average number of charges on the particles using a relationship between a particle diameter and a probability density of the particles and a relationship between the particle diameter and the number of charges on the particles, and determines the number of particles on the basis of the physical quantity and the average number of charges on the particles.

Abstract: A particle detection element includes: a casing having a gas flow passage; an electric charge generating unit that imparts charges generated by a discharge to particles in a gas introduced into the casing to thereby form charged particles; a collecting electrode that is disposed inside the casing so as to be exposed to the gas flow passage and collects a collection target that is the charged particles or the charges not imparted to the particles; and a plurality of exposed electrodes including the collecting electrode and exposed to the gas flow passage. The casing has a short circuit-preventing structure disposed on a connection surface that is part of an inner circumferential surface exposed to the gas flow passage. The connection surface connects at least two of the plurality of exposed electrodes to each other, and the short circuit-preventing structure includes at least one of a recess and a protrusion.

Abstract: A particle counter includes a ventilation path, an electric-charge generator that applies the electric charge to a particle in the gas that passes through the ventilation path to obtain a charged particle, a charged-particle-collecting electrode, a heater that is capable of heating the ventilation path, and a controller for performing a particle count detection process, wherein, when the process is performed, the controller obtains a flow rate of the gas on the basis of a calorific value that is supplied to the heater and a difference between the temperature of the gas and the temperature of the surface of the heater, with the heater heating the ventilation path, and obtains the count of the particle per unit volume in the gas on the basis of the flow rate of the gas and a physical quantity that varies depending on an electric charge amount of the charged particle.

Abstract: A gas flow sensor includes a housing including a gas flow path, a charge generator causing aerial discharge and generating charges within the gas flow path, a charge capturing electrode capturing the charges generated within the gas flow path, and a first control unit determining information about a gas flow on the basis of a physical quantity that varies depending on a quantity of the charges captured by the charge capturing electrode.

Abstract: A particle counter includes an electric-charge generating element that adds electric charges generated by discharge to particles in a gas introduced into a gas flow pipe to form charged particles, a charged-particle collection unit that is disposed downstream of the electric-charge generating element in a direction of a flow of the gas and collects the charged particles, and a number detection unit that detects the number of the charged particles based on a physical quantity at the charged-particle collection unit, wherein the gas flow pipe has a skeleton-forming portion that is formed of a ceramic material and that is dense and a stress-relieving portion that is in contact with the skeleton-forming portion, that is formed of a material having a Young's modulus lower than a Young's modulus of the ceramic material, and that is dense.

Abstract: A charge generation element has a discharge electrode on a front surface of a dielectric layer and ground electrodes on a rear surface, and generates electric charge as a result of a discharge upon application of a voltage between the discharge electrode and the ground electrodes. The discharge electrode has a flat base surface and a bulging surface having a shape bulging from the base surface, and the angle ? between the base surface and the bulging surface is from 5° to 45° at an edge E of the discharge electrode.

Abstract: A particulate detecting element includes a casing having a gas flow channel that enables gas to pass therethrough, a charge generating unit configured to impart charges generated by electric discharge to the particulates in the gas introduced into the casing and turn the particulates into charged particulates, a collection electrode disposed in the casing, where the collection electrode collects a collection target representing one of the charged particulate and the charge not imparted to the particulate, and a deceleration electrode disposed such that at least part of the deceleration electrode is away from an outer wall of the gas flow channel in the casing, where the deceleration electrode generates a deceleration electric field that decelerates the collection target at least one of upstream of the collection electrode in a gas flow direction and above the collection electrode.

Abstract: A particle counter includes a ceramic-made vent pipe, electric charge generating elements that generate electric charges by gaseous discharge, an electric field generating electrode, a collecting electrode, an electric field generating electrode and a removing electrode. Ground electrodes included in the electric charge generating elements are embedded in the vent pipe. Discharge electrodes included in the electric charge generating elements, the electric field generating electrodes for collection and removal, the collecting electrode, and the removing electrode are disposed along the inner wall surface of the vent pipe. The electric charge generating elements are disposed along the inner wall surface of the vent pipe.

Abstract: An ion generator configured to generate ions within a fluid passage that is at least partly defined by an electrical insulator may be provided with: a discharge electrode placed within the fluid passage; a ground electrode placed in a vicinity of the discharge electrode; a power source configured to intermittently apply a predetermined discharge voltage to the discharge electrode with respect to the ground electrode; and an antistatic electrode placed downstream relative to the discharge electrode within the fluid passage and to which a direct current voltage is applied, the direct current voltage having a same polarity as the discharge voltage.

Abstract: An ion generator may be configured to generate ions within a fluid passage that is at least partly defined by an electrical insulator, where the ion generator may include: a discharge electrode placed within the fluid passage; a ground electrode placed in a vicinity of the discharge electrode; and a power source configured to intermittently apply a predetermined discharge voltage to the discharge electrode with respect to the ground electrode. The power source may be configured to apply a base voltage to the discharge electrode with respect to the ground electrode during at least part of a time period after applying the discharge voltage, the base voltage having an opposite polarity to the discharge voltage.

Abstract: A particulate detector is used to detect particulates in gas. The particulate detector includes a housing, an electric-charge generator, a collector, a noise canceller, and a number detection unit. The housing has a gas flow path through which the gas passes. The electric-charge generator applies electric charges generated by electric discharge to the particulates in the gas that is introduced into the gas flow path to obtain charged particulates. The collector is disposed on the gas flow path downstream of the electric-charge generator in a direction of flow of the gas and collects the charged particulates. The noise canceller cancels a noise that is made due to the electric discharge of the electric-charge generator. The number detection unit detects the number of the particulates on the basis of a physical quantity that varies in response to the charged particulates collected by the collector.

Abstract: A fluid sensor may include a sensor head configured to be placed within a fluid passage; an inlet defined in an outer surface of the sensor head and configured to take in fluid into the sensor head; an outlet defined in the outer surface of the sensor head and configured to let out the fluid from the sensor head; a sensing passage extending between the inlet and the outlet within the sensor head; and a sensing unit configured to sense a characteristic of the fluid flowing through the sensing passage. The sensor head may be configured to be placed within the fluid passage such that flow velocity of the fluid along the outer surface of the sensor head is higher at a position of the outlet than at a position of the inlet.

Abstract: A particulate detector that is used to detect a particulate in gas, the particulate detector includes an electric-charge generator that applies an electric charge generated by electric discharge to the particulate in the gas that is introduced into a gas flow path to obtain a charged particulate and a first collector that collects an excess electric charge that is not applied to the particulate and a second collector that collects the charged particulate and a detection unit that corrects a second physical quantity that varies in response to the charged particulate collected by the second collector on the basis of a first physical quantity that varies in response to the excess electric charge collected by the first collector and that detects an amount of the particulate on the basis of the corrected second physical quantity.