Abstract: A fine-particle number detector includes a filter selectively removing, from among fine particles in car exhaust gas introduced into a gas passage pipe, ultrafine particles not larger than a predetermined particle size that is previously set as an upper limit within a range of 25 nm or less, a charge adding device adding charges to the fine particles in the exhaust gas having passed through the filter, and producing charged fine particles and a detection device detecting the number of fine particles in the exhaust gas having passed through the filter on the basis of an amount of charges of the charged fine particles or an amount of charges having not been added to the fine particles.

Abstract: An electric-charge generating element that generates electric charges by gaseous discharge includes a dielectric layer, a discharge electrode disposed on one surface of the dielectric layer, a ground electrode disposed on the other surface or inside of the dielectric layer and a nozzle that is disposed in the dielectric layer at a position such that the nozzle does not interfere with the discharge electrode and the ground electrode so as to penetrate through the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A laminate and the like capable of improving the barcode reading accuracy with a configuration having a smaller number of layers is provided. Further, a laminate and the like capable of further improving the barcode reading accuracy and further reducing the size of a barcode portion even when applied to a conventional layer configuration is provided. The laminate includes a colored barcode print layer 5, a base material layer 1, and a bead-containing coating layer 7 having beads 7b dispersed in a resin 7a.

Abstract: A laminate and the like capable of improving the barcode reading accuracy with a configuration having a smaller number of layers is provided. Further, a laminate and the like capable of further improving the barcode reading accuracy and further reducing the size of a barcode portion even when applied to a conventional layer configuration is provided. The laminate includes a colored barcode print layer 5, a base material layer 1, and a bead-containing coating layer 7 having beads 7b dispersed in a resin 7a.

Abstract: A stack structure includes plate-like electrochemical cells of ceramic, each having a pair of main surfaces and a side surface, and plate-like retainer pieces. The cell includes a first electrode in contact with first gas, a solid electrolyte, and a second electrode in contact with second gas. The first electrode has a gas flow channel formed therein and adapted to allow flow of the first gas. The cell has gas inflow and outflow ports. The retainer piece includes a body portion having a through-hole formed therein, and a pair of protrusions protruding from the body portion. The retainer piece has a communication hole formed therein and adapted to establish communication between the through-hole and a space formed between the protrusions. The cell is held by the paired protrusions, thereby establishing communication between the gas inflow or outflow port of the cell and the communication hole of the retainer piece.

Abstract: A stack structure includes plate-like electrochemical cells of ceramic, each having a pair of main surfaces and a side surface, and plate-like retainer pieces. The cell includes a first electrode in contact with first gas, a solid electrolyte, and a second electrode in contact with second gas. The first electrode has a gas flow channel formed therein and adapted to allow flow of the first gas. The cell has gas inflow and outflow ports. The retainer piece includes a body portion having a through-hole formed therein, and a pair of protrusions protruding from the body portion. The retainer piece has a communication hole formed therein and adapted to establish communication between the through-hole and a space formed between the protrusions. The cell is held by the paired protrusions, thereby establishing communication between the gas inflow or outflow port of the cell and the communication hole of the retainer piece.

Abstract: In a plasma processing method, a silicon layer of an object to be processed is etched by using a plasma of a processing gas introduced into an airtight processing chamber through a patterned mask. The processing gas contains a gaseous mixture of HBr, O2 and SiF4 and, additionally, one or both of SF6 gas and NF3 gas; and a gas containing C and F is further added to the processing gas.

Abstract: A switching unit of a cross connecting device is expanded with no momentary interruption, while data loss and data overlapping is eliminated. To achieve such an expansion, a cross connecting device comprises a base set having a switching unit for determining an output channel based on virtual path information for cell data that is input and for outputting the cell data. An expanded set has a switching unit for receiving the cell data from the base set and cell data from another base set, and for determining an output channel based on virtual path information for both inputs of cell data and for outputting the cell data. A filter prevents the transmission, to the expanded set, of cell data for which the output channel is determined by the switching unit of the base set.