Abstract: A two-dimensional photonic crystal laser includes: electrodes; an active layer; and a two-dimensional photonic crystal layer in which modified refractive index regions are disposed to be shifted by different shift amounts from respective lattice points or/and are disposed at the respective lattice points with different areas, the shift amount or/and the area is/are modified with a composite modulation period and expressed by a modulation phase ?(r?) expressed using a vector r? indicating a position of each lattice point of the two-dimensional lattice, a vector kn? indicating a combination of an inclination angle and an azimuthal angle of each of n laser beams mutually differing in the inclination angle and/or the azimuthal angle, and an amplitude An and a phase exp(i?n) determined for each n and the amplitude An and/or the phase exp(i?n) for each value of n differ(s) from each other in at least two different values of n.

Abstract: A two-dimensional photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser includes: a two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer; an active layer provided on one surface side of the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer; and a reflection layer provided on the other surface side of the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer or on a side opposite to the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer so as to be spaced apart from the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer, wherein a distance d between surfaces of the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer and the reflection layer facing each other is set such that a radiation coefficient difference ??v=(?v1??v0), which is a value obtained by subtracting a radiation coefficient ?v0 of a fundamental mode having the smallest loss from a radiation coefficient ?v1 of a first higher order mode having the second smallest loss among the light amplified in the two-dimensional photonic-crystal layer, is 1 cm?1 or more.

Abstract: The present invention provides a vibration control apparatus which controls vibration of an object supported via a support having a damping coefficient, the apparatus comprising a driving device configured to drive the object, and a controller configured to perform negative feedback control of the driving device based on information of vibration of the object, wherein the controller is configured to perform positive feedback control of the driving device based on information of a velocity of the object so as to reduce a force which the support causes to act on the object in accordance with the velocity.

Abstract: The storage system includes a data dividing means for dividing writing target data into a plurality of units of partial data, and generating units of new divided file data; an index file generation means for generating, for each of the units of partial data, an index entry, and generating index file data by adding test data for error detection; a data writing means for writing the divided file data and the index file data; and a recovery means for detecting an error in the index entries written in the storage device, based on the test data included in each of the index entries. The recovery means deletes an index entry in which an error is detected and all of the subsequent index entries in the index file data stored in the storage device, from the index file data.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes: an imaging unit positioned with fixing with respect to a first member; a first detector configured to detect a position of a stage with reference to a second member; a second detector configured to detect fluctuation of a position of the first member with reference to the second member; and a control unit configured to obtain the position of the mark from an image of the mark sensed by the imaging unit while controlling a relative position of the stage relative to the second member so as to reduce fluctuation of a relative position of the mark relative to the imaging unit due to the fluctuation of the position of the first member based on detection results of the first and second detectors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a vibration control apparatus which controls vibration of an object supported via a support having a damping coefficient, the apparatus comprising a driving device configured to drive the object, and a controller configured to perform negative feedback control of the driving device based on information of vibration of the object, wherein the controller is configured to perform positive feedback control of the driving device based on information of a velocity of the object so as to reduce a force which the support causes to act on the object in accordance with the velocity.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes a pair of MIS transistors one of which is placed in a programmed state by a first program operation utilizing a hot carrier effect to store one-bit data in the pair of MIS transistors, and a control unit configured to recall the one-bit data from the pair of MIS transistors in a recall operation, to cause an unprogrammed one of the MIS transistors to be placed in a programmed state by a second program operation utilizing a hot carrier effect in response to the one-bit data recalled from the pair of MIS transistors, and to erase the programmed states of both of the MIS transistors in an erase operation.

Abstract: A system controller determines whether a difference of recording times of two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence has a time interval equal to or longer than a predetermined time period with respect to the operation log data including identification information, operation contents for respective apparatuses that are used at a time of the surgical operation, and a recording time, and when it is determined that the difference of the recording times of the two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence has a time interval equal to or longer than a predetermined time period, the system controller groups a plurality of operation log data that continue in time sequence, with a difference of the recording times of the two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence being shorter than the predetermined time period, as one scene.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes: an imaging unit positioned with fixing with respect to a first member; a first detector configured to detect a position of a stage with reference to a second member; a second detector configured to detect fluctuation of a position of the first member with reference to the second member; and a control unit configured to obtain the position of the mark from an image of the mark sensed by the imaging unit while controlling a relative position of the stage relative to the second member so as to reduce fluctuation of a relative position of the mark relative to the imaging unit due to the fluctuation of the position of the first member based on detection results of the first and second detectors.

Abstract: A system controller determines whether a difference of recording times of two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence has a time interval equal to or longer than a predetermined time period with respect to the operation log data including identification information, operation contents for respective apparatuses that are used at a time of the surgical operation, and a recording time, and when it is determined that the difference of the recording times of the two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence has a time interval equal to or longer than a predetermined time period, the system controller groups a plurality of operation log data that continue in time sequence, with a difference of the recording times of the two pieces of operation log data adjacent in time sequence being shorter than the predetermined time period, as one scene.

Abstract: A gas supply system appropriate for an abdominal cavity and a luminal cavity is provided. The gas supply system reduces a pressure of gas, supplied from a source of gas for supplying gas of a predetermined kind, to a predetermined pressure value upon which gas, whose pressure is reduced, is controllably lowered to a first pressure value appropriate for a body cavity of a first kind of a specimen to allow gas to be supplied to the body cavity of the first kind. In the meantime, gas, supplied from the source of gas, is lowered to a second pressure value appropriate for a body cavity of a second kind of the specimen to allow gas to be supplied to the body cavity of the second kind.

Abstract: In a gas supply system, a controller is electrically connected to a pressure regulator and an operation switch. The controller is operative to control the pressure regulator so that a predetermined gas is supplied to a first delivery member directing to a first body cavity with its pressure regulated to a first pressure suitable for the first body cavity. The controller is operative to control the pressure regulator depending on an instruction sent from the operation switch upon operation of the operator so that the predetermined gas is supplied to a second delivery member directing to a second body cavity with its pressure regulated to a second pressure suitable for the second body cavity.

Abstract: A frequency-dependent mechanism provided at the lower end of a piston rod includes a tubular housing displaceable in an inner tube, together with the piston rod as one unit, and further includes a free piston and O-rings. A shutter of a passage area varying mechanism is provided with an axially extending inner hole, orifices, and oil grooves. The opening area between oil holes 3C and the orifices 33B is changed according to the rotational position of the shutter. The opening area between oil holes 3D and 3E and the oil grooves 33C and 33D and the opening area between oil holes 3F and 3G and the oil grooves 33E and 33F are also variably adjusted according to the rotational position of the shutter.

Abstract: The storage system includes a data dividing means for dividing writing target data into a plurality of units of partial data, and generating units of new divided file data; an index file generation means for generating, for each of the units of partial data, an index entry, and generating index file data by adding test data for error detection; a data writing means for writing the divided file data and the index file data; and a recovery means for detecting an error in the index entries written in the storage device, based on the test data included in each of the index entries. The recovery means deletes an index entry in which an error is detected and all of the subsequent index entries in the index file data stored in the storage device, from the index file data.

Abstract: An object of embodiments according to the invention is to provide a cutting tool having good wear resistance, good sliding property and good fracture resistance. A cutting tool 1 comprising a substrate 2 and a coating layer 6 or a coating layer 9 which covers a surface of the substrate 2. The coating layer 6 or the coating layer 9 comprising a first layer 7 and a second layer 8. The first layer 7 comprises Ti1-a-b-c-dAlaWbSicMd(C1-xNx) when M is at least one selected from Nb, Mo, Hf and Y, 0.45?a?0.55, 0.01?b?0.1, 0?c?0.05, 0.01?d?0.1, 0?x?1). The second layer 8 comprises Ti1-e-f-gAleSifM?g(C1-yNy) when M? is at least one selected from Nb, Mo, Ta, Hf and Y, 0.50?e?0.60, 0?f?0.1, 0.05?g?0.15, 0?y?1).

Abstract: An endoscopic system includes an endoscope having a delivery member available to supply a body cavity of a specimen and, in addition thereto, a gas supply apparatus from which predetermined gas is supplied to a body cavity via a delivery member. The endoscopic system further includes a determination unit that determines whether or not there is a status in which, the gas supply device needs to supply gas to the body cavity, and a control unit that selectively and automatically control a permit and stop for the gas supply to be implemented by the gas supply apparatus depending on a determined result of the determination unit, which are formed in a unitary structure with, for instance, the gas supply unit.

Abstract: A gas supply source for supplying gas and a channel along which the gas is supplied can be easily switched by providing an instrument channel for passing an endoscope treating tool, a gas and water supply channel for supplying carbon dioxide etc. to the inside of a body, a gas supply source for a visceral cavity capable of supplying gas at a predetermined pressure, a gas supply source for a lumen capable of supplying gas at an optional pressure, and a switch device for switching from any of and an instrument channel and a gas and water supply channel to any of the gas supply source for a visceral cavity and the gas supply source for a lumen.

Abstract: A frequency-dependent mechanism provided at the lower end of a piston rod includes a tubular housing displaceable in an inner tube, together with the piston rod as one unit, and further includes a free piston and O-rings. A shutter of a passage area varying mechanism is provided with an axially extending inner hole, orifices, and oil grooves. The opening area between oil holes 3C and the orifices 33B is changed according to the rotational position of the shutter. The opening area between oil holes 3D and 3E and the oil grooves 33C and 33D and the opening area between oil holes 3F and 3G and the oil grooves 33E and 33F are also variably adjusted according to the rotational position of the shutter.

Abstract: A piston coupled to a piston rod is inserted in a cylinder, and an outer cylinder is disposed around the cylinder so as to define a reservoir therebetween. A separator tube is disposed around the cylinder so as to define an annular passage therebetween. The piston rod can be locked and unlocked by closing and opening an electromagnetic open/close valve so as to block and allow a flow of hydraulic fluid through a flow passage between the annular passage and the reservoir. The separator tube has a greater thickness. O-rings are disposed so as to provide seals between the separator tube and the cylinder. The separator tube extends to positions such that the ends of the separator tube overlap a base valve and a rod guide, thereby holding the respective ends of the cylinder. Due to this configuration, it is possible to prevent deformation of the cylinder and the separator tube due to an increase in the hydraulic pressure.

Abstract: A storage system includes: a distribution storage processing means configured to distribute and store a plurality of fragment data into a plurality of storing means; a data location monitoring means configured to monitor a data location status of the fragment data and store data location information representing the data location status; and a data restoring means configured to, when the storing means is down, regenerate the fragment data having been stored in the down storing means based on the fragment data stored in the other storing means. The storage system also includes: a data location returning means configured to, when the down storing means recovers, return a data location of the fragment data by using the fragment data stored in the storing means having recovered so that the data location status becomes as represented by the data location information stored by the data location monitoring means.