Abstract: A positively chargeable liquid developer for electrostaticphotography comprising a non-aqueous solvent having a volume specific resistance of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm and resin grains dispersed therein, wherein the resin grains contain a dispersion stabilizing resin which is dissolved or dispersed in a colloidal form in the non-aqueous solvent and which mainly comprises a graft copolymer composed of (1) at least one macromonomer (M) having a weight average molecular weight of from 1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.5 obtained by bonding a terminal carboxyl group bonded to the main chain of a polymer containing at least one specific polymer component to an epoxy compound having at least one polymerizable double bond group, using a quaternary ammonium salt as a reaction catalyst, and (2) at least one specific monomer, which gives the definite chargeability, easily controls the charge amount, is excellent in dispersion stability and endures long-term use and storage.

Abstract: A liquid developer for electrostatic photography, said liquid developer comprising resin particles dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent having a volume resistivity of at least 10.sup.9 .OMEGA.cm, said dispersed resin particles being obtained by polymerizing(a) at least one member of methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate soluble in said non-aqueous solvent and(b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of acrylic esters and methacrylic esters having an alkyl group having not more than 4 carbon atoms, said esters being soluble in said non-aqueous solvent, but being made insoluble by polymerization,said components (a) and (b) being polymerized in the presence of a dispersion stabilizing resin which is soluble in said non-aqueous solvent, and said dispersion stabilizing resin comprising a graft copolymer formed by polymerizing(i) at least one member of macromonomers (M) having a weight-average molecular weight of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 4.times.10.sup.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a brake fluid pressure control apparatus in which a casing contains a pump communication port separately from a master cylinder communication port. A spool is also provided which limits the communication between the pump communication port and the master cylinder communication port in a manner such that the discharge pressure from the pump is not added directly to the master cylinder. Additionally, in the intake and discharge sides of the pump, a bypass channel is provided. In this bypass channel, a relief valve is provided which allows the escape of pressure force to the intake side of the pump in the case when the pressure force between the discharge side of the pump and the flow control valve increases to a high pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a brake fluid pressure control apparatus in which a casing contains a pump communication port separately from a master cylinder communication port. A spool is also provided which limits the communication between the pump communication port and the master cylinder communication port in a manner such that the discharge pressure from the pump is not added directly to the master cylinder. Additionally, in the intake and discharge sides of the pump, a bypass channel is provided. In this bypass channel, a relief valve is provided which allows the escape of pressure force to the intake side of the pump in the case when the pressure force between the discharge side of the pump and the flow control increases to a high pressure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element comprises a liquid crystal material having a resistivity .rho..sub.LC (.OMEGA..multidot.cm) and a polymer matrix material having a resistivity .rho..sub.p (.OMEGA..multidot.cm). The ratio .rho..sub.LC /.rho..sub.p is defined to fall within a range of between 1 and 10.sup.5 (1.ltoreq..rho..sub.LC /.rho..sub.p .ltoreq.10.sup.5). Also, the particles diameters of the polymer matrix material or the liquid crystal material are distributed such that at least two peaks each having a half value width of at least 0.5 .mu.m are present within a range of between 0.5 .mu.m and 2.5 .mu.m. Further, a protective layer is formed to cover the outer surface of the liquid crystal material. The particular construction permits manufacturing a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display element, which exhibits a high response speed, which can be operated with a low driving voltage, and which permits a high contrast.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an electro-conductive support having thereon at least one charge-generating layer and at least one charge-transporting layer, wherein said charge-generating layer contains, as a resin binder, a copolymer derived from at least one monomer represented by formula (I) and at least one monomer represented by formula (II) and a charge-generating substance, and wherein said charge-transporting layer is formed on said charge-generating layer by a coating solution containing a charge-transporting substance and a solvent not dissolving said resin binder: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.3, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and R.sup.2 represents an unsubtituted or substituted alkyl group or an unsubstituted or substituted aralkyl group.

Abstract: A zoom lens system comprises, from an objective sequentially, a first lens group (1) having a positive power, a second lens group and a third lens group (2) and (3) having negative power and performing a zooming function by moving along an optical axis, a fourth lens group (4) having a positive power and being always stationary, and a fifth lens group (5) having a positive power and having a triplet structure including, from an object side sequentially, a first lens (9) having a positive power, a second meniscus lens (10) having a negative power and a third lens (11) having a positive power, the fourth lens group including a lens at least one surface of which is aspherical, the first or the fifth lens group being movable as a whole or partially along an optical axis to perform a focusing function. The first, second and third lens groups satisfy the following conditions:2.7<.vertline.f.sub.I /f.sub.II .vertline.<3.61.0<.vertline.f.sub.I /f.sub.III .vertline.<1.93.8<f.sub.I /f.sub.W <4.

Abstract: There is provided an automatic focusing system which is used in a video camera or the like. A master lens is finely vibrated and moved by using a moving mechanism consisting of a stepping motor and a lead screw. A speed control circuit to set a moving speed of the master lens is provided. The moving speed of the master lens is set by an output signal of the speed control circuit and the master lens is moved by the moving mechanism. The moving speed of the master lens is optimally controlled and the out-of-step phenomenon in the stepping motor is eliminated. Since the master lens is accurately moved, the focusing operation is executed at a high accuracy. In addition, the influence by the unnecessary vibration (ringing) which is caused by the sudden change in moving speed of the master lens is eliminated. Therefore, since the master lens normally performs a predetermined micro vibration, the correct focusing can be accurately discriminated.

Abstract: A transparent electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support having provided thereon a photosensitive layer is disclosed, wherein said photosensitive layer contains a combination of at least one of specific hydrazone compounds and at least one of specific benzidine compounds as photoconductive substances. These photoconductive substances are prevented from crystallization and precipitation on the surface of the photoreceptor so that the photoreceptor exhibits satisfactory stability before and after image formation even when preserved for long periods of time or under a high temperature condition.

Abstract: An automatic focusing apparatus configured such that a projected light from a light emitting element is reflected on an object and the reflection light is passed through a flat plate so as to be received by a light receiving element. The position where the reflection light is received on the light receiving element varies depending on the distance between the apparatus and the object. This positional variation is corrected so as to receive the reflection light at the same position by changing an angle of inclination of the flat plate. A focusing lens is moved in cooperation with the adjustment of the inclination angle of the flat plate, thereby achieving the automatic focusing operation.

Abstract: A photoconductive composition and an electrophotographic light-sensitive material using the photoconductive composition are described. The photoconductive composition comprises a photoconductive substance and a water-insoluble linear polyester copolymer wherein the polyester copolymer contains a constituent repeating unit derived from terephthalic acid and a straight .alpha.,.omega.-diol component, and the diol component contains at least three compounds selected from the group of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol. The electrophotographic light-sensitive material comprises a support and a layer of the above photoconductive composition on the support.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising a light-transmitting conductive support having provided thereon a light-transmitting electrophotographic photosensitive layer, said support having further provided on the side opposite to the photosensitive layer a light scattering layer comprising an inorganic fine powder and a binder or a light absorbing layer comprising a near infrared absorbing dye and a binder. The photoreceptor can provide a sharp image free from interference fringe-like non-uniformity of density even when a laser is used as a light source of exposure.

Abstract: A composite release sheet material comprising a thermoplastic low-adhesive thin layer having a thickness of at least 5 .mu.m and a synthetic resin film layer having a greater tensile strength than the thin layer and, if desired, an anchor coat layer therebetween is disclosed. The composite release sheet material has an improved dimensional stability.

Abstract: An automatic focusing apparatus comprises a light emitting element emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation directed toward a subject through a light projecting lens, a light receiving element receiving a beam spot reflected from the subject and passing through a light receiving lens, and a parallel-surface transparent plate disposed rotatably between the light receiving lens and the light receiving element. The parallel-surface transparent plate is rotated in interlocking relation with linear movement of an optical lens moving together with movement of a focus ring, thereby automatically attaining the focus by ceasing the movement of the lens optical system as soon as the output signal of the light receiving element attains a predetermined level.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed. The photoreceptor contains a specific styryl dye in which the tertiary amino moiety is substituted with aryl groups and a specific organic photoconductive compound in which the nitrogen atoms are substituted with aryl groups. The photoreceptor exhibits high sensitivity and excellent preservation stability and heat stability.

Abstract: Road surface condition detection system comprising light projector means for projecting light including the infrared region of the spectrum to a road surface to sense the condition thereof, the infrared having wavelengths at which the reflectance of snow is smaller than that of the road surface in a dry condition, light receiving means for receiving light reflected from the road surface, comparisons means for comparing the output signals generated from the light receiving means with reference signal levels corresponding to dry, wet, snowy and frozen conditions, and judging means for judging the road surface to be one of the conditions in accordance with results of comparison.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive material is disclosed, containing (1) an organic photoconductive substance, and (2) at least one of a specific type of pyrylium compound, and, optionally (3) at least one of a specific type of amide compound. The material exhibits high sensitivity in a wavelength region of a semi-conductor laser and is stable to heat and humidity.

Abstract: A process for producing a resin composition which comprises suspension-polymerizing at least one vinyl monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a dispersing agent, said suspension polymerization being carried out using a nonionic dispersant as said dispersing agent in the presence of a high-molecular-weight vinyl polymer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 500,000 obtained by emulsion polymerization.

Abstract: A light-sensitive composition is disclosed, containing at least one of tetrakisazo compounds having the following general formula [1]: ##STR1## wherein Cp represents a coupler residue; A is a single bond, ##STR2## in which n is an integer of from 1 to 3, or a divalent aromatic organic residue, and B.sup.1 and B.sup.2 each represents a hydrogen atom or an electron attractive group; Z represents ##STR3## --O--, --S-- or --Se--, in which R.sup.6 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxycarbonyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted acyl group; and Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aromatic carbon ring group, or a substituted or unsubstituted divalent heterocyclic aromatic ring group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light-sensitive material comprising a charge transporting compound and a styryl dye represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein A represents N--R.sub.8, O, S, Se, or ##STR2## R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent having a Hammett's substituent constant, .delta., of 0.2 or more;R.sub.3, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, and R.sub.10 each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety;R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, or a substituted aryl group;X.sup..crclbar. represents an anion; andn represents an integer of 1 or 2.