Abstract: Various approaches for the deployment and coordination of network operation processing, compute processing, and communications for 5G networks, including with the use of fingerprint-based vRAN cell integrity monitoring, are discussed. In an example, analyzing a state of a 5G network includes: obtaining initial fingerprint reference data of a network state between a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) node and at least one fingerprint reference unit (FRU) device wirelessly connected to the vRAN node; comparing the initial fingerprint reference data to subsequent fingerprint data of the network state between the vRAN node (e.g., operating as vRAN gNB, or as an IAB Donor or IAB Node) and the at least one FRU device to detect a changed network condition; and performing an action at the vRAN node to modify or disable a component of the 5G network, in response to detection of the changed network condition.

Abstract: A direct current arc fault detector includes a first current sensor sensing an alternating current component of current flowing in a DC power circuit; a second current sensor sensing a DC component of the current; and a bandpass filter filtering the sensed AC component. A demodulating logarithmic amplifier includes an input of the filtered AC component, and an output. An integrator or minimum detector includes an input connected to the amplifier output, and an output. A processor repetitively inputs and then resets the integrator or minimum detector output, and determines an arc when, for a predetermined time: the sensed DC component being greater than a first predetermined value, and a present value of the integrator or minimum detector output being greater than or different from a previous value of such output by more than a second predetermined value, or the present value being greater than a third predetermined value.

Abstract: A direct current arc fault detector includes a first current sensor sensing an alternating current component of current flowing in a DC power circuit; a second current sensor sensing a DC component of the current; and a bandpass filter filtering the sensed AC component. A demodulating logarithmic amplifier includes an input of the filtered AC component, and an output. An integrator or minimum detector includes an input connected to the amplifier output, and an output. A processor repetitively inputs and then resets the integrator or minimum detector output, and determines an arc when, for a predetermined time: the sensed DC component being greater than a first predetermined value, and a present value of the integrator or minimum detector output being greater than or different from a previous value of such output by more than a second predetermined value, or the present value being greater than a third predetermined value.

Abstract: A direct current arc fault detector includes a first current sensor sensing an alternating current component of current flowing in a DC power circuit; a second current sensor sensing a DC component of the current; and a bandpass filter filtering the sensed AC component. A demodulating logarithmic amplifier includes an input of the filtered AC component, and an output. An integrator or minimum detector includes an input connected to the amplifier output, and an output. A processor repetitively inputs and then resets the integrator or minimum detector output, and determines an arc when, for a predetermined time: the sensed DC component being greater than a first predetermined value, and a present value of the integrator or minimum detector output being greater than or different from a previous value of such output by more than a second predetermined value, or the present value being greater than a third predetermined value.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter for a power circuit includes separable contacts, an operating mechanism structured to open and close the separable contacts, and a trip circuit cooperating with the operating mechanism to trip open the separable contacts. The trip circuit includes a number of hardware circuits having a processor with a number of routines. The routines provide a number of protective functions structured to detect a number of faults of the power circuit, a number of repetitive test functions for the number of hardware circuits, and a supervisory function cooperating with the number of repetitive test functions. The supervisory function is structured to prevent availability of protection by the number of protective functions from falling below a predetermined threshold as a result of a plurality of intermittent error conditions of the number of hardware circuits.

Abstract: A method of tripping a circuit interrupter in a back fed configuration is provided, wherein the circuit interrupter has separable contacts and an actuator, such as a solenoid, operatively coupled to the separable contacts. The method includes detecting within the circuit interrupter that a fault condition exists, and subsequent to detecting that the fault condition exists, determining whether a current is flowing within the circuit interrupter between a load side of the circuit interrupter and the separable contacts, and controlling operation of the actuator based on whether the current is flowing within the circuit interrupter.

Abstract: A method a tripping a circuit interrupter in a back fed configuration is provided, wherein the circuit interrupter has separable contacts and an actuator, such as a solenoid, operatively coupled to the separable contacts. The method includes detecting within the circuit interrupter that a fault condition exists, and subsequent to detecting that the fault condition exists, determining whether a current is flowing within the circuit interrupter between a load side of the circuit interrupter and the separable contacts, and controlling operation of the actuator based on whether the current is flowing within the circuit interrupter.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter for a power circuit includes separable contacts, an operating mechanism structured to open and close the separable contacts, and a trip circuit cooperating with the operating mechanism to trip open the separable contacts. The trip circuit includes a number of hardware circuits having a processor with a number of routines. The routines provide a number of protective functions structured to detect a number of faults of the power circuit, a number of repetitive test functions for the number of hardware circuits, and a supervisory function cooperating with the number of repetitive test functions. The supervisory function is structured to prevent availability of protection by the number of protective functions from falling below a predetermined threshold as a result of a plurality of intermittent error conditions of the number of hardware circuits.

Abstract: A miniature circuit breaker includes separable contacts, an operating mechanism structured to open and close the separable contacts, a trip mechanism cooperating with the operating mechanism to trip open the separable contacts, a processor having a routine, a plurality of sensors sensing power circuit information operatively associated with the separable contacts, and a non-volatile memory accessible by the processor. The routine of the processor is structured to input the sensed power circuit information, determine and store trip information for each of a plurality of trip cycles in the non-volatile memory, store the sensed power circuit information in the non-volatile memory for each of a plurality of line half-cycles, and determine and store circuit breaker information in the non-volatile memory for the operating life span of the miniature circuit breaker.

Abstract: A direct current arc fault detector includes a first current sensor sensing an alternating current component of current flowing in a DC power circuit; a second current sensor sensing a DC component of the current; and a bandpass filter filtering the sensed AC component. A demodulating logarithmic amplifier includes an input of the filtered AC component, and an output. An integrator or minimum detector includes an input connected to the amplifier output, and an output. A processor repetitively inputs and then resets the integrator or minimum detector output, and determines an arc when, for a predetermined time: the sensed DC component being greater than a first predetermined value, and a present value of the integrator or minimum detector output being greater than or different from a previous value of such output by more than a second predetermined value, or the present value being greater than a third predetermined value.

Abstract: A miniature circuit breaker includes separable contacts, an operating mechanism structured to open and close the separable contacts, a trip mechanism cooperating with the operating mechanism to trip open the separable contacts, a processor having a routine, a plurality of sensors sensing power circuit information operatively associated with the separable contacts, and a non-volatile memory accessible by the processor. The routine of the processor is structured to input the sensed power circuit information, determine and store trip information for each of a plurality of trip cycles in the non-volatile memory, store the sensed power circuit information in the non-volatile memory for each of a plurality of line half-cycles, and determine and store circuit breaker information in the non-volatile memory for the operating life span of the miniature circuit breaker.

Abstract: A method and system of determining and displaying energy savings from an HVAC system operating in an energy saving mode. The HVAC system is operated to maintain a comfort mode temperature during a learning period. The energy consumed by the HVAC system at multiple outside ambient conditions during the learning period is determined. The correlation between a specific ambient condition and energy consumed by the HVAC system is determined. The HVAC system is run to maintain an energy saving setpoint temperature. The energy consumed by the HVAC system is determined at an ambient condition while maintaining the energy saving setpoint temperature. The energy savings are calculated as a function of the difference between the energy that would have been consumed by the HVAC system at the ambient condition based on the determined correlation and the energy consumed by the HVAC system while maintaining the energy saving setpoint temperature at the ambient condition.

Abstract: A wireless electrically isolated plug-n-play communications system for branch circuit breakers. The system providing means for automatically connecting the wireless electrically isolated communication system between the branch circuit breaker and a communications strip as the branch circuit breaker is being installed in the load center.

Abstract: An arc fault circuit interrupter includes separable contacts, an operating mechanism and an arc fault detector structured to detect an arc fault condition operatively associated with the contacts. The arc fault detector includes a tuned current sensor structured to sense broadband noise of a current flowing through the contacts, a compression circuit including an input of the sensed broadband noise and an output. The compression circuit compresses the dynamic range of the sensed broadband noise. A minimum detector includes an input of the compression circuit output and an output of the minimum value of the minimum detector input. A processor includes a number of inputs and an output. One of the inputs is the output of the minimum value of the minimum detector. A trip mechanism cooperates with the output of the processor and the operating mechanism to trip open the contacts responsive to the detected arc fault condition.

Abstract: A point-of-use energy status indicator monitoring the presence or absence of energy at a monitored device that is required for proper operation of a point-of-use device. The point-of-use indicator being in two-way communication with a status determining device that monitors the monitored device. The status determining device being capable of overriding a utility or energy management system curtailment of energy to the monitored device in response to receiving a signal from a means for overriding located in the point-of-use energy status indicator.

Abstract: A circuit breaker includes a line terminal, a load terminal, separable contacts electrically connected in series between the terminals, a neutral conductor, and an operating mechanism structured to open and close the contacts and trip open the contacts in response to a trip signal. A first sensor senses an electrical characteristic operatively associated with the contacts. A second sensor detects zero crossings, a consecutive pair of the crossings defining a corresponding half-cycle and a first frequency. A processor cooperates with the sensors and includes a routine and a timer having a second frequency. The routine determines, for each of the half-cycles and responsive to the timer, plural samples of the sensed electrical characteristic in a phase synchronized relationship to a corresponding one of the crossings, and determines whether one of the frequencies exceeds a number of corresponding predetermined values for a number of times and responsively outputs the trip signal.

Abstract: A method and system of determining and displaying energy savings from an HVAC system operating in an energy saving mode. The HVAC system is operated to maintain a comfort mode temperature during a learning period. The energy consumed by the HVAC system at multiple outside ambient conditions during the learning period is determined. The correlation between a specific ambient condition and energy consumed by the HVAC system is determined. The HVAC system is run to maintain an energy saving setpoint temperature. The energy consumed by the HVAC system is determined at an ambient condition while maintaining the energy saving setpoint temperature.

Abstract: A point-of-use energy status indicator monitoring the presence or absence of energy at a monitored device that is required for proper operation of a point-of-use device. The point-of-use indicator being in two-way communication with a status determining device that monitors the monitored device. The status determining device being capable of overriding a utility or energy management system curtailment of energy to the monitored device in response to receiving a signal from a means for overriding located in the point-of-use energy status indicator.

Abstract: A wireless electrically isolated plug-n-play communications system for branch circuit breakers. The system providing means for automatically connecting the wireless electrically isolated communication system between the branch circuit breaker and a communications strip as the branch circuit breaker is being installed in the load center.

Abstract: An arc fault circuit interrupter includes line and load terminals, separable contacts in series between the terminals, a neutral conductor, and an operating mechanism opening and closing the contacts and tripping open the contacts in response to a trip signal. A current transformer senses current flowing through the contacts. A voltage sensor detects voltage zero crossings between the load terminal and the neutral conductor. A processor detects a resistive series arc in series with the contacts. A processor routine determines, for each half cycle, samples of the sensed current, an offset value from an average of sensed current samples proximate the voltage zero crossings for the corresponding half cycle, adjusted sensed current samples as adjusted by the offset value, a profile corresponding to a resistive series arc as a function of the sensed current samples and the adjusted samples, and the trip signal in response to occurrences of the profile.