Abstract: Provided is a distance calculating apparatus calculating a real distance from a map distance of a map path connecting a first point and a second point on a map, the apparatus including: a housing; a scale input unit into which a reduced scale is input, disposed in the housing; an optical sensor unit disposed in the housing, the optical sensor unit sensing movement of the housing using light and outputting an electrical signal when the housing is moved along the map path; a calculation unit disposed in the housing, the calculation unit calculating the map distance using the electrical signal input from the optical sensor unit and calculating the real distance using the map distance and the reduced scale input from the scale input unit; and a display unit disposed in the housing, the display unit displaying the real distance calculated by the calculation unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an automatic filtering system, which continuously filters floating material contained in wastewater under automatic control, separately collects the floating material to eliminate the floating material, and continuously discharges filtered water having no floating material. The system includes two sand-type filters and two floating-material collecting tanks each having a pressure sensor which detects internal pressure. One filter and one collecting tank are operated alternately with the other filter and the other collecting tank. Thus, when a filtering performance of one filter is deteriorated, the other sand-type filter is operated. Water filtered by the other filter flows to a filter having a poor filtering performance, thus removing the floating material from the filter, therefore recovering the filtering performance of the filter.

Abstract: A technique for managing module-related information in a modular system includes a plurality of modules having different functions and a base module for controlling the operation of each of the plurality of modules by interfacing with each of the plurality of modules. The technique includes obtaining module-related information stored in a module connected to the base module, and storing the module-related information obtained from the module in a module information memory accessed by the base module. Accordingly, the method for managing module-related information can be used to transmit information necessary for operation of each module to a base module or can produce as methods for updating module-related information and maintaining the latest version of module-related information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pair of handcuffs which cannot be disassembled easily by securing a firm connection therebetween by hinge members. The handcuffs according to the present invention are made by the methods of shearing and bent-up forming in replacement of the conventional cast-iron method, and are connected by a connecting structure which comprises two frame plates, each of which includes a plurality of hinge members forming grooves between the neighboring hinge members and having openings therethrough and also includes a pair of flat members; couplings fitted into the grooves of the hinge members; and hinge axes to be axially fitted into the openings of the hinge members and the couplings.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pair of handcuffs which cannot be disassembled easily by securing a firm connection therebetween by means of hinge members. The handcuffs according to the present invention are made by the methods of shearing and bent-up forming in replacement of the conventional cast-iron method, and are connected by a connecting structure which comprises two frame plates, each of which includes a plurality of hinge members forming grooves between the neighboring hinge members and having openings therethrough and also includes a pair of flat members; couplings fitted into the grooves of the hinge members; and hinge axes to be axially fitted into the openings of the hinge members and the couplings.

Abstract: A technique for managing module-related information in a modular system includes a plurality of modules having different functions and a base module for controlling the operation of each of the plurality of modules by interfacing with each of the plurality of modules. The technique includes obtaining module-related information stored in a module connected to the base module, and storing the module-related information obtained from the module in a module information memory accessed by the base module. Accordingly, the method for managing module-related information can be used to quickly transmit information necessary for smooth operation of each module to a base module or can produce almost the same effects as methods for updating module-related information and maintaining the latest version of module-related information.

Abstract: An anti-aging device to control the level of oxidation occurring at skin surface is described. The device is plugged into an electrical outlet to allow electromagnetic waves to pass through the inner surface, which has been pre-treated with far infrared light. The resulting affect on the skin is the reduced appearance of wrinkles and other signs of aging.