Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which performs a display by modulating an optical characteristic of a display medium, includes: a plurality of pixel electrodes for allowing the display medium to perform a display in accordance with a display signal; switching elements, respectively provided for the corresponding pixel electrodes, for applying the display signal to the respective pixel electrodes in nonlinearly response to a received driving signal; and a bus line for applying the driving signal to the switching elements. Each of the switching elements includes a first active device and a second active device. The first active device includes a lower electrode connected to the corresponding one of the pixel electrodes, an upper electrode connected to the bus line, and a nonlinear resistive layer interposed between the lower electrode and the upper electrode.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to economically and easily manufacture a thin film diode of back-to-back connection type having a symmetric voltage-ampere characteristic. First conducting layers of a metallic circuit board to become a wiring and an island conductor, respectively, are electrically connected with each other via a second conducting layer. The first conducting layers are electrically isolated from each other by anodizing the second conducting layer. An anodized insulating layer is formed by oxidized parts of the first conducting layers and the oxidized second conducting layer. The not-anodized part of one of the first conducting layers becomes a wiring and the not-anodized part of the other of the first conducting layers becomes an island conductor. The island conductor is considered as a first conductor and second and third conductors are formed on the anodized insulating layer on the first conductor. Thereby, a two-terminal element of a back-to-back type is completed.