Abstract: Sponge iron produced by direct reduction is melted in an electric arc furnace, in which a pool of liquid metal is maintained. To ensure that liquid carbon-containing iron for forming the pool is available in adequate quantities and that the process can be carried out with the highest possible economy, the sponge iron is reacted in an electric arc furnace on a bath of liquid carbon-containing iron (hot metal), which has been produced from sponge iron or from partly reduced ore in an electric reducing furnace, and in dependence on the electric load changes which are due to the operation of the electric arc furnace the operation of the electric reducing furnace is so controlled that a virtually constant load on the electric power supply system is maintained.

Abstract: A circuit for operating recording nozzles in ink mosaic recorders, each nozzle having an associated ink channel cylindrically surrounded by a piezoelectric transducer having a diameter which expands upon the application of a voltage thereto having a polarity which is opposite to the direction of polarization of the transducer and contracts upon the application of a voltage having a polarity in the direction of the transducer polarization, has a charging circuit which connects the transducers in a rest state to a common voltage source having a polarity in the direction of polarization of the transducers so that the transducers assume a state of contracted diameter. The circuit further includes a discharging circuit operated by a control input for each transducer operable for discharging an ink droplet from the nozzles after ink is drawn into the channels by operation of the charging circuit.

Abstract: A piezoelectric drive element which surrounds an ink channel in a writing jet in a mosaic printing device is a winding formed by plies of thin synthetic foil having piezoelectric properties. The plies of the foil contact adjacent plies over large areas of adjacent plies and form a compression chamber in the interior of the winding which surrounds the ink chamber. Application of a voltage of a first polarity to the winding expands the winding and application of a voltage having an opposite polarity then contracts the winding forcing ink out of the chamber for printing. The winding and chamber may be surrounded by a covering of silicon rubber.

Abstract: A surge arrester is disclosed for a plurality of lines which are to be commonly safeguarded. In order to produce a multi-link arrester for the above application, for each of a plurality of lines which are to be safeguarded, there is provided an individual arrester to which a common arrester is connected in series. The response characteristics correspond to those of a gas discharge multi-link arrester having a common gas chamber. A capacitor is connected in parallel to the common arrester. The individual arresters and the common arrester are arranged in a beaker which is designed as a plug. A metal plate serves in the interior of the metal beaker as an electrode terminal in common to all arresters. The metal plate along with the metal beaker forms the capacitor.

Abstract: A method for fabricating microminiature, planar semiconductor devices in which the number of defects, in particular, pipes, is minimized. The thicknesses of the thermally grown silicon dioxide and of the silicon nitride masking layers which are used for the formation of limited impurity regions by high temperature diffusion processes within the semiconductor substrate have a specified, limited range. The thickness of the silicon dioxide is between 800A - 3000A and the thickness of the silicon nitride is between around 250A and 600A, preferably 500A. The method is particularly useful in forming extremely small emitter regions in bipolar transistors.

Abstract: An ignition system having capacitive storage of energy required for developing ignition pulses, particularly in Otto and Wankel engines, includes a capacitive storage arrangement, a charging circuit connected between the capacitive storage arrangement and a direct current supply for charging the capacitive storage arrangement, and an ignition transformer coupled to the capacitive storage arrangement via a thyristor switching arrangement for temporarily discharging the capacitive storage arrangement through the ignition transformer to develop pulses therein for application to spark plugs or the like.