Abstract: An open-loop and closed-loop control method is described for starting up or shutting down a process component of a technical process. At least one manipulated variable that is fed to the process is formed by a control device and an upstream model-assisted pilot control. The pilot control contains an optimizer and a process model. The optimizer is fed at least one command variable for the technical process. At least one optimized model manipulated variable which the optimizer outputs is fed to a process model of the pilot control and, is added to at least one output variable of the control device to form the manipulated variable. A model output variable of the process model is fed to the control device as a set-point and fed back to the optimizer along with variables which cannot be measured in the technical process. A device for implementing the method is also described.

Abstract: The novel method and device provide for process control—closed-loop control or open-loop control—for a thermal system with an obstruction-curved and/or thick-walled component through which a medium flows. The wall temperatures of the component are detected, the heat flux density of the heat flux from the medium into the wall of the component is determined, the respective heat transmission coefficient is determined, using the wall temperatures. The heat flux density, and the heat transmission coefficient thus determined are used to influence the medium properties, with the heat stresses in the component being taken into account.

Abstract: A paste for screen printing of electrical structures on substrates, in particular ceramic substrates, which includes a mixture of inorganic solid particles having high sintering temperature and an inorganic binding agent having a low sintering temperature below the sintering temperature of the inorganic solid particles, wherein the inorganic solid particles having high sintering temperature are at least partially in the form of fibers. The strength and breaking reliability of the printed and then fired electrical structures, such as resistors and coating layers, may be increased by the fiber components in the printing paste.

Abstract: An open-loop and closed-loop control method is described for starting up or shutting down a process component of a technical process. At least one manipulated variable that is fed to the process is formed by a control device and an upstream model-assisted pilot control. The pilot control contains an optimizer and a process model. The optimizer is fed at least one command variable for the technical process. At least one optimized model manipulated variable which the optimizer outputs is fed to a process model of the pilot control and, is added to at least one output variable of the control device to form the manipulated variable. A model output variable of the process model is fed to the control device as a set-point and fed back to the optimizer along with variables which cannot be measured in the technical process. A device for implementing the method is also described.

Abstract: Moulded articles are produced by heating expandable graphite, in which the expandable graphite is first pre-expanded at 140.degree. to 450.degree. C. until a bulk density of 30 to 500 g/l has been reached, at least 50% by volume of a mould is then filled with the graphite thus pre-expanded, and the expansion of the graphite is then completed in the mould by heating to temperatures in the range from 300.degree. to 700.degree. C.

Abstract: The specification describes a composition curable by high-energy radiation in the presence of oxygen which contains conventional monomers, oligomers and/or polymers curable by high-energy radiation besides minor amounts of a natural wax, a solvent extraction product of a natural wax, a wax alcohol, a wax ester and/or a wax carboxylic acid. The specification also describes the preparation of said composition and the use thereof in the formation of coatings.

Abstract: Nitric acid esters of monosaccharides and/or polysaccharides can be used as ignition improvers for alcoholic fuels for internal combustion engines.