Abstract: A method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus, which is provided with a container structured by a member including a pair of substrates with a gap between each other, an image forming member arranged in the interior of the container, and the spacers to hold the gap therebetween. The method includes the steps of pressing the spacers to the first substrate through a bonding agent, and bonding the first substrate to the second substrate through an outer frame member.

Abstract: An image display apparatus which is subjected to getter flashing during manufacturing, for the purpose of increasing the degree of vacuum in the air-tight container thereof, is provided with a getter scattering prevention member comprised of a plurality of getter scattering prevention walls. The getter scattering prevention walls prevent getter material from scattering to the image display portion of the image display apparatus, while allowing for smooth conductance of gas in the air-tight container during evacuation. Thus, evacuation by the getter can be further improved by increasing the area to which getter adheres to, deterioration of the image quality can be prevented by not allowing getter to adhere to the image display portion, the air-tight container can be evacuated in a shorter time, irregularities in brightness of the screen due to uneven pressure within the display portion can be done away with, and a higher degree of vacuum can be attained.

Abstract: An image display apparatus comprises an envelope internally provided with at least an electron emitting source, a fluorescent material member that emits light upon irradiation with an electron beam emitted from the electron emitting source and a getter that maintains the vacuum inside the envelope, and a vacuum exhaust tube that forms a vacuum inside the envelope, wherein the inside of the envelope is partitioned with a substrate into a first space having at least the electron emitting source and the fluorescent material member and a second space containing at least the getter, and the substrate has a path that communicates both the spaces.

Abstract: A gradient index-type optical device produced by the ion exchange process, comprising: a transparent dielectric body having a refractive index distribution, and a refractive index distribution-adjusting portion disposed on at least a part of the transparent dielectric body. Because of the presence of the refractive-index distribution, the ion-exchange speed therethrough is controlled to provide a controlled refractive index distribution in the transparent dielectric body. As a result, a gradient index-type optical device having a large refractive index factor (g value) without substantial increase in aberration.

Abstract: A gradient index-type optical device is produced by the ion exchange process. First, a transparent dielectric body contacting an ion to be exchanged is provided with a light-absorbing portion containing also an ion to be exchanged and a coloring component at at least a part of the surface thereof. The transparent dielectric is soaked in or caused to contact a molten salt containing an ion providing a refracted index distribution for ion exchange. In the gradient index-transparent dielectric thus produced, the light-absorbing portion can have a refractive index continuous with that of the transparent dielectric body and a thermal expansion coefficient equal to or smaller than that of the transparent dielectric body, so that flare at the boundary and the stress fragility are alleviated. The optical device can also have a good size accuracy.