Abstract: This positive electrode includes: a positive electrode current collector; a positive electrode mixed material layer that is formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector; and a protective layer which includes an insulating inorganic compound and a conductive material, and is interposed between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixed material layer. The protective layer includes secondary particles comprising agglomerated primary particles of the inorganic compound. The median value of the particle size of the secondary particles is 30 ?m or less.

Abstract: Provided is an optical transmission system that includes: a transponder having a transmitter and a receiver; a loopback path that directly couples a signal of the transmitter to the receiver; and a server that calculates, based on a signal transmitted using the loopback path, a compensation value to compensate for frequency characteristics of a signal transmitted from the transmitter.

Abstract: An optical node device (1aA to 1cA) includes a transmission transponder (27), WSSs (22 to 25), a beam splitter (21), and a monitoring transponder (26). The transmission transponder (27) transmits an optical signal (B1) via an optical path (P3) set in an optical fiber (2). The WSSs (22 to 25) multiplex, on the transmitted optical signal (B1), a monitoring control signal (M1) for performing optical path tracing that is confirmation of conduction along the optical path (P3). The monitoring transponder (26) measures and monitors the optical power of the monitoring control signal (M1) multiplexed into the optical signal (B1) branched by the beam splitter (21), and further monitors whether the monitored optical power is equal to or higher than a predetermined level indicating normality of the optical path (P3).

Abstract: A multi-core fiber (23) connects an optical transmitter device (10) and an optical receiver device (30) to each other. The multi-core fiber (23) includes cores each having a wavelength dispersion characteristic different from a wavelength dispersion characteristic of another adjacent core of the cores. In an optical transport system (100), the optical transmitter device (10) and the optical receiver device (30) are connected in series by the plurality of multi-core fibers (23).

Abstract: A lithium primary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode contains a positive electrode material mixture including LixMnO2 where 0 ? x ? 0.05. The negative electrode contains at least one of metal lithium and a lithium alloy. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains an oxalate borate complex component and a cyclic imide component. In the non-aqueous electrolyte, the concentration of the oxalate borate complex component is 5.5 mass% or less, and the concentration of the cyclic imide component is 1 mass% or less. The mass ratio of the cyclic imide component to the oxalate borate complex component contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.02 or more and 10 or less.

Abstract: A lithium primary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode contains a positive electrode material mixture including LixMnO2 where 0?x?0.05. The negative electrode contains at least one of metal lithium and a lithium alloy. The liquid non-aqueous electrolyte contains a cyclic imide component and an organic silyl borate component. The concentration of the cyclic imide component in the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is 1 mass % or less, the concentration of the organic silyl borate component in the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is 5.5 mass % or less, and the mass ratio of the cyclic imide component to the organic silyl borate component contained in the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.02 or more and 10 or less.

Abstract: A cyclic wavelength band permutation device (31) includes as many wavelength band converters (32a to 32c) as the wavelength bands of optical signals (S1, C1, and L1), and the wavelength band converters are individually connected to the output terminals of corresponding optical amplifiers among a plurality of optical amplifiers (17a to 17c) connected to an optical fiber (16) in an inserted manner. When a wavelength-multiplexed signal beam obtained by multiplexing optical signals in different wavelength bands is multiband-transmitted through an optical fiber while being amplified by the plurality of optical amplifiers, each wavelength band converter performs a cyclic permutation process of transitioning or converting an optical signal allocated to the shorter wavelength band side in the bands of the optical fiber to the longer wavelength band side, and also transitioning or converting an optical signal allocated to the longest wavelength band to the shortest wavelength band.

Abstract: A wavelength cross-connect device (20A) performs relay processing, the relay processing being such that wavelength multiplexed signal lights (1a to 1m), which are multiband transmitted from a plurality of routes M(1), are demultiplexed into different wavelength bands (S band, C band, and L band), and for each route, respective optical signals of the different wavelength bands (S band, C band, and L band) are amplified, then subject to rout change by WSSs and outputted to output side routes M(2). The device includes C-band WXC units 22 that are the same in total number as the wavelength bands of the optical signals of the respective wavelength bands and perform relay processing on optical signals of a specific wavelength band (C band) of the different wavelength bands.

Abstract: The invention provides a radically polymerizable resin composition capable of suppressing shrinkage while maintaining strength by adding an appropriate amount of an expansive additive to the radically polymerizable resin composition causing curing shrinkage by a decrease in the free volume of a liquid component during curing. The radically polymerizable resin composition comprises a radically polymerizable compound (A), an expansive additive (B), a radical polymerization initiator (C), and an aggregate (D). The aggregate (D) contains cement. The aggregate (D) is 330 to 800 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the radically polymerizable compound (A).

Abstract: An optical amplifier (21) configured to operate with saturated output power is coupled on the receive side with respect to a receiver (18) coupled to a transmitter (17) via an optical fiber (14). The saturated output power is represented as a saturation characteristic drawing a flat curve in which, as power (input optical power) of an optical signal (22i) inputted to the optical amplifier (21) increases in excess of a given level, the variation in power (output optical power) of an optical signal (22o) outputted from the optical amplifier (21) decreases. Consequently, information represented by the optical signal (22o) inputted from the optical amplifier (21) to the receiver (18) can be properly received.

Abstract: Provided is a method for efficiently producing ferric citrate hydrate with high purity and various specific surface areas. The method for producing modified ferric citrate hydrate includes a step of bringing a solution containing water, citric acid, and ferric citrate as a material into contact with water-soluble organic solvent.

Abstract: An OSNR spectrum estimation apparatus includes an OSNR estimation unit configured to cause an optical node to estimate an OSNR of a predetermined transmission line using a probe light of a predetermined wavelength in a predetermined number of wavelength channels, the predetermined number being less than the number of all wavelength channels; and an OSNR spectrum calculation unit configured to calculate an OSNR spectrum of all the wavelength channels from OSNRs of the predetermined number of wavelength channels measured by the optical node.

Abstract: A fault location in an optical cable at a long distance is easily measured and detected with low-cost equipment in a configuration in which an isolator is disposed in the vicinity of an optical amplifier for improved optical transmission performance and for stabilization. An optical amplifier has a configuration in which multiplexing/demultiplexing units as first WDM filters and that multiplex/demultiplex main signal light and OTDR light and (measurement light) for submarine cable fault measurement transmitted to a submarine cable in opposite directions from a transmission device side and a reception device side, transmit the multiplexed/demultiplexed main signal light to a main path passing through an isolators and an EDF, and transmit the multiplexed/demultiplexed OTDR light to a bypass path bypassing the isolators and the EDF are included on both sides of a set of the isolators and the EDF of the submarine cable.

Abstract: [Problem] A signal distortion generated when a multi-level modulated optical signal is transmitted through an optical transmission path where optical amplifiers are scattered is suppressed and transmission quality is improved. [Solution] An optical transmission system 20 includes Tx 21a to Tx 21n configured to transmit a multi-level modulated optical signal 32 to an optical fiber 25, optical amplifiers 26a to 26f configured to amplify the optical signal 32 transmitted through the optical fiber 25, the optical amplifiers 26a to 26f being scattered on the optical fiber 25, and Rx 24a to Rx 24n configured to receive the amplified optical signal 32 via the optical fiber 25.

Abstract: [Problem] In estimation of an OSNR spectrum of a transmission line, the estimation is made with a small number of measurements and in a short period of time with accuracy maintained. [Solution] An OSNR spectrum estimation apparatus includes an OSNR estimation unit 11 configured to cause an optical node 2 to estimate an OSNR of a predetermined transmission line using a probe light of a predetermined wavelength in a predetermined number of wavelength channels, the predetermined number being less than the number of all wavelength channels; and an OSNR spectrum calculation unit 12 configured to calculate an OSNR spectrum of all the wavelength channels from OSNRs of the predetermined number of wavelength channels measured by the optical node 2.

Abstract: A precharge control apparatus starts precharge of a capacitor. The precharge is determined to be completed when a set time has elapsed since a voltage difference between a battery voltage and a capacitor voltage detected by a voltage sensor becomes equal to or less than a set voltage. The set voltage is based on a maximum error obtained by adding maximum values of detection errors of the battery voltage and capacitor voltage by the voltage sensor. The set time is based on a time from when the voltage difference becomes twice the maximum error to when the voltage difference becomes equal to or less than a withstand voltage of a main contactor, under states where the precharge causes the capacitor voltage to increase with a time constant when a resistance value of a resistor and a capacitance of the capacitor each are largest within an allowable error.

Abstract: A positive electrode for a secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention comprises a collector, a protective layer formed on at least one surface of the collector, and a composite material layer formed on the protective layer. The protective layer has a first region and a second region. The first region includes inorganic particles and a conductive material. The second region includes inorganic particles and substantially does not include a conductive material, or includes inorganic particles and a conductive material, the content of the conductive material being less than the content of the conductive material in the first region.

Abstract: [Problem] To easily measure and detect a failure part of a long-distance optical cable by low-cost equipment in a configuration in which an isolator is disposed in the vicinity of an optical amplifier in order to improve and stabilize optical transmission performance. [Solution] An optical amplifier 50 is configured to be provided with a multiplexing/demultiplexing means as first WDM filters 51a, 51b on both sides of a set of an isolator 40 and an EDF 14 of a submarine cable 13, the first WDM filters multiplexing/demultiplexing OTDR light 35a, 35b (measurement light) for measuring a submarine cable failure sent to the submarine cable 13 in opposite directions from the sides of a sending device and a receiving device, and main signal light 15, transmitting the multiplexed/demultiplexed main signal light 15 to a main path 13 that passes through the isolator 40 and the EDF 14, and transmitting the multiplexed/demultiplexed OTDR light 35a, 35b to a bypass path 52 that bypasses the isolator 40 and the EDF 14.

Abstract: [Problem] To reduce a filter penalty caused by narrowing of an optical signal band due to optical filters having a multiplexing/demultiplexing function in an optical transmission line between transponder units. [Solution] In an optical transmission system 10A, transponder units 21a to 21n and 22a to 22n connected by optical fibers 14 in which optical filters having a multiplexing/demultiplexing function of an optical signal are interposed include a transmission unit 22 that transmits the optical signal obtained by modulating laser light from a laser light source 34 with an electric signal from a communication apparatus to the optical fibers 14, and a reception unit 23 that receives the optical signal from the optical fibers 14 and converts the received optical signal into an electric signal. The reception unit 23 includes a BER measurement unit that measures a BER, based on a received signal, and feeds the measured BER back to a transmitting side.

Abstract: [Problem] A signal distortion generated when a multi-level modulated optical signal is transmitted through an optical transmission path where optical amplifiers are scattered is suppressed and transmission quality is improved. [Solution] An optical transmission system 20 includes Tx 21a to Tx 21n configured to transmit a multi-level modulated optical signal 32 to an optical fiber 25, optical amplifiers 26a to 26f configured to amplify the optical signal 32 transmitted through the optical fiber 25, the optical amplifiers 26a to 26f being scattered on the optical fiber 25, and Rx 24a to Rx 24n configured to receive the amplified optical signal 32 via the optical fiber 25.