Abstract: A method of distinguishing cancerous cells and healthy cells of a subject from each other comprises the steps: (i) contacting a region of tissue of a subject suspected of including at least some cancer cells with a plurality of nanodiamonds, wherein the plurality of nanodiamonds comprise a first plurality of conjugates, wherein the conjugates of the first plurality of conjugates consist of first nanodiamonds and one or more cancer cell targeting agents, wherein the first nanodiamonds have a first type of colour center, and a second plurality of conjugates, wherein the conjugates of the second plurality of conjugates consist of second nanodiamonds and one or more healthy cell targeting agents, wherein the second nanodiamonds have a second type of colour center; and (ii) applying light of a first wavelength so as to excite the first type of colour center and applying light of a second wavelength so as to excite the second type of colour center, wherein upon contacting the region of tissue with the plurality of

Abstract: A process operable using a computerized system (300) grades the clarity of a diamond (315, 400) as a function of internal defects within its body (315, 400). The computerized system (300) includes an optical image acquisition device (310), a processor module (320) and an output module (340) operably interconnected together. The process includes the steps of (i) acquiring via an optical image acquisition device (310) a plurality of top view images of a diamond (315, 400); (ii) in a processor module (320), detecting defects within the body of the diamond (315, 400); and (iii) from an output module (340), providing a signal indicative of the clarity grade assigned in (ii).

Abstract: A process is operable using a computerized system for grading the clarity of a diamond. The computerized system includes an optical image acquisition device, a processor, a pre-trained neural network and an output module operably interconnected together. The process includes: (i) acquiring via an optical image acquisition device one or more plural axial view images of a diamond with different focus depths; (ii) in a processor, combining the plural axial views to form one or more single optical images; (iii) in a pre-trained neural network, providing a regressive value associated with the clarity grade of the diamond based on the one or more single images acquired during step (i); and (iv) from an output module, providing a clarity grade to the diamond (i) by correlating the regression value from (ii) to a clarity grade.

Abstract: A process is operable using a computerized system for grading the colour of a diamond using a pre-trained neural network for determination of a colour grading. The computerized system includes an optical image acquisition device, a pre-trained neural network and an output module operably interconnected together via a communication link. The process includes: (i) acquiring via an optical image acquisition device one or more optical image of at least a portion of a diamond; and (ii) in a pre-trained neural network, providing a regressive value associated with the colour grade of the diamond.

Abstract: A process operable using a computerized system (300) grades the clarity of a diamond (315, 400) as a function of internal defects within its body (315, 400). The computerized system (300) includes an optical image acquisition device (310), a processor module (320) and an output module (340) operably interconnected together. The process includes the steps of (i) acquiring via an optical image acquisition device (310) a plurality of top view images of a diamond (315, 400); (ii) in a processor module (320), detecting defects within the body of the diamond (315, 400); and (iii) from an output module (340), providing a signal indicative of the clarity grade assigned in (ii).

Abstract: A computerized system for grading the colour of a diamond, wherein the colour of the diamond is graded based on a predetermined threshold of correlation of colour of a diamond with the colour of a diamond of a plurality of diamonds each having a colour grading assigned thereto, the computerized system including: an optical image acquisition device for acquiring at least a first optical image of a diamond, wherein the first optical image is acquired at a predetermined angle of inclination to the central axis extending normal to the table and through the apex of the pavilion of the diamond and in a direction of towards the table and wherein the first optical image is acquired in an environment having a predetermined constant light level; a processor module for comparing data derived from acquisition of the at least a first optical image with a plurality of data sets each of which corresponds to a diamond of a plurality of diamonds, wherein data sets are each derived from an optical image acquired by an optical

Abstract: An identifiable mark on a portion of a polished facet of a surface of an article and being identifiable by an optical magnifying viewing device, the identifiable mark comprising a nano-structure formed by a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional lattice of a plurality of discrete nanometer sized recessed or protruded entities, wherein the entities are arranged within a predefined region of the polished facet in a predetermined arrangement in relation to each other. The predetermined arrangement of the entities is non-uniform and non-periodic arrangement, and wherein the entities are sized and shaped so as to cause optical scattering upon reflection of incident light having one or more predetermined wavelengths by the lattice at a predetermined angle of incidence to the lattice and the distance from the inner interface surface to the outer interface surface is greater than the amplitude of the non-marked portion of the polished face.

Abstract: A computerized system for grading the colour of a diamond, wherein the colour of the diamond is graded based on a predetermined threshold of correlation of colour of a diamond with the colour of a diamond of a plurality of diamonds each having a colour grading assigned thereto, the computerized system including: an optical image acquisition device for acquiring at least a first optical image of a diamond, wherein the first optical image is acquired at a predetermined angle of inclination to the central axis extending normal to the table and through the apex of the pavilion of the diamond and in a direction of towards the table and wherein the first optical image is acquired in an environment having a predetermined constant light level; a processor module for comparing data derived from acquisition of the at least a first optical image with a plurality of data sets each of which corresponds to a diamond of a plurality of diamonds, wherein data sets are each derived from an optical image acquired by an optical

Abstract: A method of forming one or more protrusions on an outer surface of a polished face of a solid state material, said method including the step of applying focused inert gas ion beam local irradiation towards an outer surface of a polished facet of a solid state material in a way of protruding top surface material; wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions from said focused inert gas ion bean penetrate the outer surface of said polished facet of said solid state material; and wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions cause expansive strain within the solid state crystal lattice of the solid state material below said outer surface at a pressure so as to induce expansion of solid state crystal lattice, and form a protrusion on the outer surface of the polished face of said solid state material.

Abstract: A method of forming one or more protrusions on an outer surface of a polished face of a solid state material, said method including the step of applying focused inert gas ion beam local irradiation towards an outer surface of a polished facet of a solid state material in a way of protruding top surface material; wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions from said focused inert gas ion bean penetrate the outer surface of said polished facet of said solid state material; and wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions cause expansive strain within the solid state crystal lattice of the solid state material below said outer surface at a pressure so as to induce expansion of solid state crystal lattice, and form a protrusion on the outer surface of the polished face of said solid state material.

Abstract: An identifiable mark on a portion of a polished facet of a surface of an article and being identifiable by an optical magnifying viewing device, said identifiable mark comprising a nano-structure formed by a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional lattice of a plurality of discrete nanometer sized recessed or protruded entities, wherein said entities are arranged within a predefined region of said polished facet in a predetermined arrangement in relation to each other and such that an outer interface surface between the facet of the article and air is formed and an inner interface surface between the facet of the article and air is formed. Said predetermined arrangement of said entities is non-uniform and non-periodic arrangement, and wherein said entities are sized and shaped so as to cause optical scattering upon reflection of incident light and the distance from the inner interface surface to the outer interface surface is greater than the amplitude of the non-marked portion of said polished face.

Abstract: A method of forming one or more protrusions on an outer surface of a polished face of a solid state material, said method including the step of applying focused inert gas ion beam local irradiation towards an outer surface of a polished facet of a solid state material in a way of protruding top surface material; wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions from said focused inert gas ion bean penetrate the outer surface of said polished facet of said solid state material; and wherein irradiated focused inert gas ions cause expansive strain within the solid state crystal lattice of the solid state material below said outer surface at a pressure so as to induce expansion of solid state crystal lattice, and form a protrusion on the outer surface of the polished face of said solid state material.