Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is disclosed in which a photosensitive layer and a protective layer are formed on a conductive substrate in that order. In this photosensitive member, when its surface is charged to −700 V under a 23° C./5% RH environment and irradiated with white light in a light quantity of 10 lux·sec, if the surface potential at the time 0.2 seconds have passed from the irradiation and the surface potential at the time 0.5 seconds have passed from the irradiation are defined as Vsl(0.2) and Vsl(0.5), respectively, the absolute value of Vsl(0.2) and the absolute value of Vsl(0.2)−Vsl(0.5) satisfy specific conditions.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support, and provided thereon a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer and a protective layer in this order, the layer thickness a0 (&mgr;m) of the charge transport layer at the middle portion of the conductive support in its generatrix direction, the layer thickness b0 (&mgr;m) of the protective layer at the middle portion of the conductive support in its generatrix direction, the layer thickness a (&mgr;m) of the charge transport layer at a portion other than the middle portion and the layer thickness b (&mgr;m) of the protective layer at the portion other than the middle portion satisfy the following expression (1) in a region satisfying 0.8 (&mgr;m)≦(a0−a)≦3.

Abstract: A phenolic compound having a plurality of substituted hydroxyphenyl groups and charge-transportable structure, the substituted hydroxyphenyl groups of which have a hydroxymethyl group; and a resol resin obtained by allowing a phenolic compound having hydroxyphenyl groups and charge-transportable structure, to react with formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst, and having charge-transportable structure. Also disclosed are a cured product and an electrophotographic photosensitive member which make use of the above, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge have a charge unit for charging the surface of a photosensitive member by direct injection of electrical charge from a contact charging member to the photosensitive member. The charging unit also functions as a unit for supporting residual toner on the surface of the photosensitive member after transfer, for normalizing the electrical charge of the residual toner, and for returning the normalized residual toner to the surface of the photosensitive member. A developing unit also functions as a unit for recovering the normalized residual toner returned to the surface of the photosensitive member. The absolute value of the difference in charged potential between a first rotation and a second rotation of the photosensitive member is higher than 5 V and lower than 70 V.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in this order, a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer. The thickness d (&mgr;m) of the protective layer, the universal hardness Hu-1 (N/mm2) of the protective layer, and the universal hardness Hu-2 (N/mm2) of the photosensitive layer after peeling off the protective layer satisfy the following expression (1): 5.8×d+Hu-2≦Hu-1≦−2.45×d2+44.4×d+Hu-2  (1). Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have the above electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a good durability and stable electrophotographic performances regardless of environmental change is provided by coating the photosensitive layer with a specific protective layer. The protective layer comprises a cured phenolic resin and a charge-transporting compound having at least one group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl groups, hydroxyalkoxy groups and hydroxyphenyl groups capable of having a substituent.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus, includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a charging device. The charging device includes a conductor particle-carrying member having an electroconductive and elastic surface, and conductor particles having a particle size of 10 nm-10 &mgr;m and carried on the carrying member so as to be disposed in contact with the photosensitive member, thereby directly injecting charges to the photosensitive member to charge the photosensitive member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a good durability and stable electrophotographic performances regardless of environmental change is provided by coating the photosensitive layer with a specific protective layer. The protective layer has a thickness of 1-7 &mgr;m and comprises a cured phenolic resin and metal particles or metal oxide particles dispersed therein.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a good durability and stable electrophotographic performances regardless of environmental change is provided by coating the photosensitive layer with a specific protective layer. The protective layer comprises a cured phenolic resin and a charge-transporting compound having at least one group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl groups, hydroxyalkoxy groups and hydroxyphenyl groups capable of having a substituent.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has, in this order, a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibiting a good durability and stable electrophotographic performances regardless of environmental change is provided by coating the photosensitive layer with a specific protective layer. The protective layer has a thickness of 1-7 &mgr;m and comprises a cured phenolic resin and metal particles or metal oxide particles dispersed therein.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains an oxytitanium phthalocyanine having the strongest peak at 27.2°±0.2° of the diffraction angle (2&thgr;) in CuK&agr; characteristic X-ray diffraction and a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine having strong peaks at 7.4°±0.2° and 28.2°±0.2° of the diffraction angle (2&thgr;) in CuK&agr; characteristic X-ray diffraction. A process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, employing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a photosensitive layer provided on the support. The photosensitive layer contains a disazo pigment represented by the following Formula (1) or (2) and a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine; wherein A1 and A2 may be the same or different and each represent a coupler residual group having a phenolic hydroxyl group; wherein A3 and A4 may be the same or different and each represent a coupler residual group having a phenolic hydroxyl group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed of a support, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support. The photosensitive layer is characterized by containing an azo pigment having an organic group represented by formula (1) below: ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1, Z.sub.1, k.sub.1, B, A, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are defined in the text. The group of the formula (1) may provide at least one of up to 4 azo-substituents of the azo pigment having an entire structure represented byAr.paren open-st.N.dbd.N--Cp) 1-4,wherein Ar denotes an aromatic or heterocyclic core unit, Cp denotes a coupler residue group, and --(N.dbd.N--Cp) denotes such an azo-substituent. The photosensitive member can exhibit good electro-photographic performances including high and stable sensitivity on repetitive use.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed of a support, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support. The photosensitive layer is characterized by containing an azo pigment having an organic group represented by formula (1) below: wherein A denotes a residue group of formula (1A) below: ##STR1## and k.sub.1, k.sub.2, Z.sub.1, Z.sub.2, D; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are defined in the text. The group of the formula (1) may provide at least one of up to 4 azo-substituents of the azo pigment having an entire structure represented by ##STR2## wherein Ar denotes an aromatic or heterocyclic core unit, Cp denotes a coupler residue group, and --(N.dbd.N--Cp) denotes such an azo-substituent. The photosensitive member can exhibit good electrophotographic performances including high and stable sensitivity on repetitive use.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is constituted by a support and a photosensitive layer disposed on the support. The photosensitive layer includes a fluorene compound represented by a formula (1) and a stilbene compound represented by a formula (4). The compounds of the formulas (1) and and (4) may preferably be used as a charge transport material. The combination of such compounds is effective in improving resistances to abrasion, crack and crystallization of the resultant photosensitive layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support and a photosensitive layer provided thereon. The photosensitive layer contains a hindered phenol compound and a fluorene compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a substrate and a photosensitive layer formed thereon, and the photosensitive layer contains an arylamine compound expressed by the following general formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.l is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl or aryl, R.sub.2 -R.sub.8 are each hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or amino, and Ar is alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic aryl.An electrophotographic apparatus includes the electrophotographic photosensitive member set forth above, a charging means, an exposure means, and a developing means.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is constituted by disposing a photosensitive layer on a support. The photosensitive layer is characterized by containing a specific triphenylamine compound having at least two phenyl groups each substituted with two alkyl groups including one alkyl group located in meta-position in conjunction with nitrogen atom or each substituted with three alkyl groups. The photosensitive member is suitable for providing an electrophotographic apparatus showing excellent electrophotographic characteristics such as a high photosensitivity, a good potential stability in repetitive use, a decreased transfer memory, no crack in the photosensitive layer and no crystallization of a charge-transporting material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is constituted by disposing a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive support. The photosensitive layer is characterized by containing an arylamine compound having specific two fluorenyl groups. The photosensitive member is suitable for providing an electrophotographic apparatus showing excellent electrophotographic characteristics such as a high photosensitivity, a good potential stability in repetitive use, a decreased pause memory, and no crack in the photosensitive layer.