Abstract: Motility contrast imaging (MCI) is a depth-resolved holographic technique to extract cellular and subcellular motion inside tissue. The holographic basis of the measurement technique makes it highly susceptible to mechanical motion. The motility contrast application, in particular, preferably includes increased mechanical stability because the signal is based on time-varying changes caused by cellular motion, not to be confused with mechanical motion of the system. The use of the resulting spectrogram response signatures, or “fingerprint” data, of known compounds is disclosed to screen new compounds for leads as to those having potentially beneficial mechanisms of action. The “fingerprint” data of known toxic compounds can be used to screen new compounds for toxicity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method of preparing carbonate and/or formate from carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed are a compound including an oxalate, a carbon dioxide absorbent including the same, a method of preparing the carbon dioxide absorbent and a method of removing carbon dioxide, which may overcome issues of high recycling energy and low absorptivity of a conventional carbon dioxide absorbent to considerably reduce recycling energy and absorb a greater amount of carbon dioxide per unit absorbent, so that a size of a carbon dioxide absorption tower may be reduced and a less amount of recycling energy may be used, contributing to a substantial decrease in device manufacture costs and management costs.

Abstract: A particle sensing device and an air conditioner including a sensor has a sensing path through which air passes, a flow path housing which accommodates the sensor and guides air, and a flow path switching device to all air suctioned from the outside is guided to the sensing path, or some of the air suctioned from the outside and moving flows back in an obliquely upward direction and flows into the sensing path.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a cabinet, a particle sensing unit coupled to the cabinet and configured to measure a particle concentration of an outside, and an inlet provided at the cabinet and configured to communicate with the outside so that particles flow into the particle sensing unit, and the particle sensing unit includes a first particle sensor configured to sense particles flowing in through the inlet, and a second particle sensor coupled to form a connection path in which particles move between the first particle sensor and the second particle sensor to sense the particles passing through the first particle sensor. The air conditioner allows the sensing of fine particles and ultrafine particles due to a plurality of particle sensors.

Abstract: A method for programming a non-volatile memory includes applying a first program pulse to a program cell one or more times until a threshold voltage of the program cell reaches a preliminary target voltage, which is lower than a target voltage, while supplying a first voltage to a bit line corresponding to the program cell, and applying a second program pulse to the program cell a predetermined number of times while supplying a second voltage, which is higher to than the first voltage, to the bit line after the threshold voltage of the program cell reaches the preliminary target voltage.

Abstract: A system for motility contrast imaging a biological target within tissue comprising a CCD array; an illumination source for generating an incoming beam; a first beam splitter for receiving the incoming beam and producing an object beam and a reference beam; a second beam splitter for illuminating a multitude of biological targets with the object beam and for directing backscattered object beams towards the CCD array; a computer-controlled delay stage for zero-path-matching the reference beam to the backscattered object beams; a reference beam that intersects the backscattered object beams at an angle to produce a series of interference fringes that modulate Fourier-domain information; and a computer for receiving a time series of Fourier-domain information. The interference fringes between the backscattered object beam and the reference beam are recorded by the CCD array and passed to the computer which constructs a digital hologram at successive times.

Abstract: Disclosed are a compound including an oxalate, a carbon dioxide absorbent including the same, a method of preparing the carbon dioxide absorbent and a method of removing carbon dioxide, which may overcome issues of high recycling energy and low absorptivity of a conventional carbon dioxide absorbent to considerably reduce recycling energy and absorb a greater amount of carbon dioxide per unit absorbent, so that a size of a carbon dioxide absorption tower may be reduced and a less amount of recycling energy may be used, contributing to a substantial decrease in device manufacture costs and management costs.

Abstract: Provided is a compound including an activated metal and a ligand, a carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbent including the compound, a method of preparing the CO2 absorbent, and a method of removing CO2.

Abstract: A system for motility contrast imaging a biological target within tissue comprising a CCD array; an illumination source for generating an incoming beam; a first beam splitter for receiving the incoming beam and producing an object beam and a reference beam; a second beam splitter for illuminating a multitude of biological targets with the object beam and for directing backscattered object beams towards the CCD array; a computer-controlled delay stage for zero-path-matching the reference beam to the backscattered object beams; a reference beam that intersects the backscattered object beams at an angle to produce a series of interference fringes that modulate Fourier-domain information; and a computer for receiving a time series of Fourier-domain information. The interference fringes between the backscattered object beam and the reference beam are recorded by the CCD array and passed to the computer which constructs a digital hologram at successive times.

Abstract: An apparatus of reading identification information according to a code attached on a biosensor. In reading the identification information through a pattern of the existing biosensor, a photodetector and a light resource are required for each segment so as to read segments of each pattern. However, such a system may cause a complexity of circuit-driving, raise manufacturing costs, and prolong operating hours. Thus, to solve these problems, provided is a technology, which, in contrast to the existing technology, has advantages of using a small amount of electronic components and reduced driving circuits to shorten working hours, and the like.

Abstract: Provided is an absorbent for capturing carbon dioxide. The absorbent may include an amino acid with multiple amine groups and an alkali-metal hydroxide mixed with the amino acid and thus, may increase an absorption capacity for carbon dioxide. When a sterically hindered effect is induced to the amino acid with multiple amine groups, the absorption capacity for carbon dioxide may increase and heat of absorption reaction may decrease and thus, energy consumed for regeneration of an absorbent may be reduced. The absorbent for capturing carbon dioxide may include amino acid with multiple amine groups and the metal hydroxide, and may provide a functional group around the amine groups to cause an sterically hindered effect and thus, the absorption capacity for carbon dioxide and an carbon dioxide absorption rate may increase, and the capital cost for a carbon dioxide capturing process and an operating cost may be significantly reduced.

Abstract: An operation method of a semiconductor memory device includes forming a first data distribution by performing a first programming operation during a first write operation, outputting a predetermined data by detecting the first data distribution on the basis of a first reference voltage corresponding to the first programming operation during a first read operation, forming a second data distribution by performing a second programming operation during a second write operation, and outputting data that is the same as the predetermined data corresponding to the first data distribution during the first read operation by detecting the second data distribution on the basis of a second reference voltage corresponding to the second programming operation during a second read operation.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device comprises reading erase number information which is updated and stored whenever erasure is performed, setting program start voltages and step voltages based on the erase number information, and performing a program operation based on the program start voltages and the step voltages.

Abstract: Disclosed are a bifunctional catalyst for simultaneously removing nitrogen oxide and particulate matters, capable of decomposing nitrogen monoxide and generating nitrogen dioxide through oxidation of nitrogen monoxide, a composite catalyst including the catalyst for simultaneously removing nitrogen oxide and particulate matters used for an apparatus to decrease exhaust gas of diesel vehicles, and a method for preparation thereof. The catalyst and the composite catalyst can be used in a device for reducing exhaust gas contaminants mounted on a diesel vehicle and an exhaust gas purification system comprising the device.

Abstract: A method for operating a semiconductor memory device includes the steps of: erasing memory cells of a memory block to set the memory cells in a first erased state, programming a part of the memory cells of the memory block to convert them into a programmed state, raising threshold voltages of selected memory cells of the memory block and converting the selected memory cells from the programmed state to a second erased state, and reading data from the memory cells in the first erased state, the programmed state, and the second erased state, and outputting the data read from the memory cells in the first and second erased states with the same value.

Abstract: Motility contrast imaging (MCI) is a depth-resolved holographic technique to extract cellular and subcellular motion inside tissue. The holographic basis of the measurement technique makes it highly susceptible to mechanical motion. The motility contrast application, in particular, preferably includes increased mechanical stability because the signal is based on time-varying changes caused by cellular motion, not to be confused with mechanical motion of the system. The use of the resulting spectrogram response signatures, or “fingerprint” data, of known compounds is disclosed to screen new compounds for leads as to those having potentially beneficial mechanisms of action. The “fingerprint” data of known toxic compounds can be used to screen new compounds for toxicity.

Abstract: A method of operating a nonvolatile memory device comprises reading erase number information which is updated and stored whenever erasure is performed, setting program start voltages and step voltages based on the erase number information, and performing a program operation based on the program start voltages and the step voltages.

Abstract: Provided is an absorbent for capturing carbon dioxide. The absorbent may include an amino acid with multiple amine groups and an alkali-metal hydroxide mixed with the amino acid and thus, may increase an absorption capacity for carbon dioxide. When a sterically hindered effect is induced to the amino acid with multiple amine groups, the absorption capacity for carbon dioxide may increase and heat of absorption reaction may decrease and thus, energy consumed for regeneration of an absorbent may be reduced. The absorbent for capturing carbon dioxide may include amino acid with multiple amine groups and the metal hydroxide, and may provide a functional group around the amine groups to cause an sterically hindered effect and thus, the absorption capacity for carbon dioxide and an carbon dioxide absorption rate may increase, and the capital cost for a carbon dioxide capturing process and an operating cost may be significantly reduced.

Abstract: A method for operating a semiconductor memory device includes the steps of: erasing memory cells of a memory block to set the memory cells in a first erased state, programming a part of the memory cells of the memory block to convert them into a programmed state, raising threshold voltages of selected memory cells of the memory block and converting the selected memory cells from the programmed state to a second erased state, and reading data from the memory cells in the first erased state, the programmed state, and the second erased state, and outputting the data read from the memory cells in the first and second erased states with the same value.