Abstract: Composite flour includes native plant flour and complexed MCT and/or other nutritional oil at least partially encapsulated by wall material and incorporated within the composite flour, wherein polysaccharide from a portion of the native plant flour forms part of the wall material. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, polysaccharide released from the native plant flour, and emulsifier(s), and/or polysaccharide fiber, e.g., acacia fiber. The native plant flour may be gluten-flour, gluten-free flour and/or low carbohydrate seed, nut or vegetable flour. Composite flours can replace traditional flours to make food products, such as baked, fried or boiled goods but with benefits, such as reduced gluten and/or carbohydrates, increased freshness and volume and improved texture and taste compared to alternative flours and even all-purpose flour. Composite flour can be blended with native flour and/or another composite flour to form blended flour.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, compositions (e.g., eyedrop or spongarion composition), and uses for alleviating and preventing age-associated vitreous degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, L-ergothioneine is capable of scavenging chronic reactive oxygen species directly and radically to mitigate and prevent HA depolymerization and HA decreasing-viscosity in the mammal's vitreous body; and/or improving vitreous liquefaction in the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for providing a mammal with a benefit associated with every-other-day fasting (EODF), or increasing a benefit of losing weight of a mammal treated with every-other-day fasting (EODF), comprising administrating to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of ?-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof. The benefit may include reducing a body fat percentage of the mammal, reducing the weight of the mammal, lowering a blood glucose of the mammal, decreasing a blood triglyceride level of the mammal, decreasing a blood total cholesterol level of the mammal, decreasing a blood low-density lipoprotein level of the mammal, decreasing a blood very low-density lipoprotein level of the mammal, improving leptin resistance of the mammal, and/or improving insulin resistance of the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and compositions for alleviating and preventing age-associated visual degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof an effective amount of L-Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, polymer, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, the administration of L-Ergothioneine is capable of controlling subretinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) level in the mammal's retina; activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes to scavenge chronic reactive oxygen species and decrease vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in the mammal's retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant genes by lowering the damage induced by oxidative stress (OS) in the mammal's RPE; and/or inhibiting oxidation-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to prevent epithelial fibrosis in RPE in mammals' RPE.

Abstract: Composite plant-MCT flour includes MCT oil encapsulated by and/or complexed with wall material and incorporated within the composite plant-MCT flour, wherein polysaccharide from the plant flour forms part of the wall material. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, carbohydrate, and emulsifier(s), and/or polysaccharide fiber, e.g., acacia fiber. The plant flour may be gluten-flour, gluten-free flour and/or low carbohydrate seed, nut or vegetable floor. Composite plant-MCT flour can replace traditional flours to make food products, such as baked, fried or boiled goods but with benefits, such as reduced gluten and/or carbohydrates, increased freshness and volume and improved texture and taste compared to alternative flours and even all-purpose flour.

Abstract: Protein-complexed MCT oil includes MCT droplets or particles encapsulated by and/or complexed with protein-based wall material. Protein-complexed MCT oil can be used as an additive for food products. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, emulsifier(s), optional co-emulsifier(s), and optional polysaccharide(s). Protein-complexed MCT oil may optionally include supplemental oil(s), such as that contain one or more essential omega-3 fatty acids (ALA, EPA and DHA) and optionally one or more essential omega-6 fatty acids. The protein-complexed MCT oil may be consumed by users as desired, e.g., by adding the protein-complexed MCT oil to food or drink products, such as plant flour (e.g., to make blended plant-MCT flour), liquid coffee creamer, bubble tea, jelly, ice cream, yogurt, processed meats (e.g., lunch meat), pet foods, baked foods, vitamin supplements, energy bars, and drink mixes. The food and drink products have increased nutrition provided by the MCT oil and pea protein.

Abstract: Protein-complexed MCT oil includes MCT droplets or particles encapsulated by and/or complexed with protein-based wall material. Protein-complexed MCT oil can be used as an additive for food products. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, emulsifier(s), optional co-emulsifier(s), and optional polysaccharide(s). Protein-complexed MCT oil may optionally include supplemental oil(s), such as which contain one or more essential omega-3 fatty acids (ALA, EPA and DHA) and optionally one or more essential omega-6 fatty acids. The protein-complexed MCT oil may be consumed by users as desired, e.g., by adding the protein-complexed MCT oil to food or drink products, such as plant flour (e.g., to make blended plant-MCT flour), liquid coffee creamer, bubble tea, jelly, ice cream, yogurt, processed meats (e.g., lunch meat), pet foods, baked foods, vitamin supplements, energy bars, and drink mixes. The food and drink products have increased nutrition provided by the MCT oil and pea protein.

Abstract: Composite flour includes native plant flour and complexed MCT and/or other nutritional oil at least partially encapsulated by wall material and incorporated within the composite flour, wherein polysaccharide from a portion of the native plant flour forms part of the wall material. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, polysaccharide released from the native plant flour, and emulsifier(s), and/or polysaccharide fiber, e.g., acacia fiber. The native plant flour may be gluten-flour, gluten-free flour and/or low carbohydrate seed, nut or vegetable floor. Composite flours can replace traditional flours to make food products, such as baked, fried or boiled goods but with benefits, such as reduced gluten and/or carbohydrates, increased freshness and volume and improved texture and taste compared to alternative flours and even all-purpose flour. Composite flour can be blended with native flour and/or another composite flour to form blended flour.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides for beta-hydroxybutyrate (e.g., R—BHB) acids and/or salts with pure biobased carbon content (e.g., 100% as measured by Carbon-14 analysis). The present invention also provides methods for preparing beta-hydroxybutyrate (e.g., R—BHB) acid and salt with pure biobased carbon content, comprising chemical synthesis and/or biosynthesis process. For instance, the method may include biological fermentation, and/or bioenzymatic process.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods for ameliorating and preventing age-associated muscle degeneration in a mammal, comprising administrating to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of L-Ergothioneine, an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, as an active ingredient. In particular, the administration of L-Ergothioneine is capable of attenuating the loss of muscle mass and/or strength in the mammal, and is capable of improving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, improving the P/O ratio (ATP produced per O2 consumed), and/or scavenging and blocking chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mammal.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to compositions and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of one or more of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), aging, fibromyalgia, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, Parkinson's disease, migraines, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Chronic Pain, neuralgia, depression, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy, Insufficient Cellular Energy (ICE) and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present disclosure also pertains to methods for increasing mental and/or physical performance levels and/or decreasing exertion during exercise in a subject by the administration of C5 ketones.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for enhancing muscle function in a mammal, the method includes administration to the mammal of a composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof. The present invention also provides a composition including therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, for enhancing muscle function. In addition, the present invention provides methods for preparing any compositions disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods for promoting glycogen synthase activity and augmenting glycogen storage capability in muscle tissue and/or liver tissue in a mammal, relating to administration to the mammal of an effective amount of p-a minoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), an analog or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, acid, polymer, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to compositions, methods, and system for utilizing paraxanthine alone and in combination for use in enhancing immune function and/or inhibiting inflammation through administration of a paraxanthine-containing composition to a subject. More particularly, the disclosure relates to paraxanthine and other compounds, whether produced synthetically or derived from natural sources, and use of these compounds to provide physiological benefits, which may vary according to paraxanthine concentration and the presence of synergists and antagonists.

Abstract: Coated beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) free acid crystal pellets/granules are provided, which comprise BHB free acid crystal, fillers, and coating material. Methods for producing coated BHB free acid crystal pellets/granules are provided, which may include (a) wet granulation, (b) extrusion, (c) spheronization, and (d) coating, such as coating material spray embedding through Wurster bottom spray coating device.

Abstract: Composite plant-MCT flour includes MCT oil encapsulated by and/or complexed with wall material and incorporated within the composite plant-MCT flour, wherein polysaccharide from the plant flour forms part of the wall material. The wall material includes protein, e.g., pea protein, carbohydrate, and emulsifier(s), and/or polysaccharide fiber, e.g., acacia fiber. The plant flour may be gluten-flour, gluten-free flour and/or low carbohydrate seed, nut or vegetable flour. Composite plant-MCT flour can replace traditional flours to make food products, such as baked, fried or boiled goods but with benefits, such as reduced gluten and/or carbohydrates, increased freshness and volume and improved texture and taste compared to alternative flours and even all-purpose flour.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides a liposome comprising an active ingredient and one membrane or one inner membrane and one outer membrane. Each membrane comprises a plurality of lipid molecules, and the active ingredient is entrapped inside the interior space defined by the membrane or the inner membrane, or embodied in the membrane or membranes and form a part of the membrane(s).

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to compositions and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of one or more of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), aging, fibromyalgia, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, Parkinson's disease, migraines, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Chronic Pain, neuralgia, depression, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy, Insufficient Cellular Energy (ICE) and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present disclosure also pertains to methods for increasing mental and/or physical performance levels and/or decreasing exertion during exercise in a subject by the administration of C5 ketones.

Abstract: Among others, this invention provides a soft capsule comprising ?-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, liposome, or mixture thereof as active ingredient, as well as method of making such soft capsule.

Abstract: Among others, the present disclosure provides methods for extending lifespan or improving healthspan in a mammal, which includes administration to the mammal of a composition containing an effective amount of ergothioneine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof.