Abstract: Among others, this invention provides a soft capsule comprising ?-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, liposome, or mixture thereof as active ingredient, as well as method of making such soft capsule.

Abstract: Among others, the present disclosure provides methods for extending lifespan or improving healthspan in a mammal, which includes administration to the mammal of a composition containing an effective amount of ergothioneine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: Provided are methods for improving exercise performance and endurance of a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal in need thereof a composition comprising dihydroberberine (DHB), or an analog or derivative thereof, and a physiologically acceptable carrier. DHB in the composition can serve as an antioxidant to defend red blood cells against oxidative stress damage, by scavenging reactive oxygen species generated during to increase the deformability and the survival of red blood cells.

Abstract: Paraxanthine-based compositions for muscle enhancement. Paraxanthine-based compositions for enhancing nitrogen signaling. Paraxanthine-based compositions for enhancing muscle glycogen.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to compositions and methods for the treatment and/or prevention of one or more of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), aging, fibromyalgia, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, Parkinson's disease, migraines, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Chronic Pain, neuralgia, depression, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy, Insufficient Cellular Energy (ICE) and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present disclosure also pertains to methods for increasing mental and/or physical performance levels and/or decreasing exertion during exercise in a subject by the administration of C5 ketones.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for enhancing muscle function in a mammal, the method includes administration to the mammal of a composition comprising therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof. The present invention also provides a composition including therapeutically effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, for enhancing muscle function. In addition, the present invention provides methods for preparing any compositions disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for anti-aging, especially ameliorating or preventing skin aging, cellular senescence, or photoaging through inhibiting progerin in a mammal. The method includes administration to the mammal a composition including an effective amount of dihydroberberine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof. The present invention also provides a composition including an effective amount of dihydroberberine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, for anti-aging, especially ameliorating or preventing skin aging, cellular senescence, or photoaging through inhibiting progerin in a mammal.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel methods for anti-glycation, especially mitigating or preventing skin aging in a mammal, the method includes administration to the mammal of a composition including an effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or its analog or its derivatives. The present invention also provides a composition including an effective amount of dihydroberberine (DHB) or its analog or its derivatives, for mitigating or preventing “Maillard reaction” in a mammal by controlling blood glucose, scavenging chronic ROS, reducing a level of MDA and expression of MMP-1. In addition, the present invention provides method for preparing any compositions disclosed herein.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, and methods relate to compositions for human consumption and comprising paraxanthine and a cholinergic agent and/or theanine. The disclosed compositions are useful promoting cognitive function, energy, athletic performance and providing neuroprotective anti-oxidative effects.

Abstract: Described herein are compositions for reducing body weight, reducing body fat, improving body composition and/or preventing obesity and related conditions. In certain aspects, the compositions comprise dileucine, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises dileucine and leucine. In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 10% to 90% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 20% to 80% (w/w). In further aspects, wherein the dileucine is present from about 30% to 70% (w/w). In further aspects, the dileucine is present from about 40% to 60% (w/w).

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods and compositions for mimicking one or more biological benefits of caloric restriction in a mammal, including administrating to the mammal an effective amount of ?-aminoisobutyric acid, an analog, metabolite or derivative thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, polymer, acid thereof.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises paraxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of paraxanthine. Uses for the paraxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides methods and compositions for controlling blood glucose or weight, including a combination of (i) a therapeutically effective amount of berberine (BBR), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof, including dihydroberberine (DHB); and (ii) vitamin B12. The combination effectively ameliorates BBR or DHB side effects, including VB12 reduction, gastrointestinal discomfort, and slowed bowel movements, by promoting transcobalamin II receptors synthesis, decreasing homocysteine levels and maintaining intestinal balance, including short chain fatty acids content, gut microbiota diversity and richness.

Abstract: Disclosed herein in is a method of increasing plasma dileucine levels in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising leucine. In certain embodiments, the composition does not comprise dileucine. In certain embodiments, the amount of increase in plasma dileucine is greater than that resulting from administering a protein supplement comprising a comparable amount of leucine. In certain implementations, administration of the composition results in an increase in plasma dileucine that is from about 10% to about 50% greater than from administering a protein supplement comprising a comparable amount of leucine.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises a combination of paraxanthine and tyrosine and/or taurine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of a combination of paraxanthine and tyrosine and/taurine. Further disclosed are methods of use of the foregoing compositions for improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions methods relate to a dietary supplement for subjects with slow caffeine metabolism and comprises paraxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of paraxanthine. Uses for the paraxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite in a slow caffeine metabolizer subject.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides novel methods for extending lifespan or improving healthspan in a mammal, which include administration to the mammal of a composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of ergothioneine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, acid, ester, analog or derivative thereof.

Abstract: Glutathione deficiencies and deficiencies in glutathione synthetase activity, and therapeutic methods for the treatment thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for increasing video game performance in a subject by administering to the subject with a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, paraxanthine is present in the composition in amount from about 20 mg to about 600 mg. Further disclosed herein is a method for enhancing mood of a subject during electronic gameplay or preventing decrease in mood of a subject during electronic game play comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising from about 2 mg to about 800 mg of paraxanthine. In certain embodiments, administration of the composition to the subject decreases, or prevents the increase of, one or more of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and/or confusion in the subject during electronic game play relative to a subject who has not been administered the composition.

Abstract: The disclosed compositions, systems and methods relate to a dietary supplement for human consumption and comprises 1-methylxanthine and optionally other compounds that modulate the effects of 1-methylxanthine. Uses for the 1-methylxanthine-containing supplements contain improvement of at least one of endurance performance, mood, vigor, lipolysis, energy expenditure, exercise performance, and/or decreased appetite.