Abstract: A polyester resin for toner, which has superior fixing property, storage stability, and image density in an electrophotographic image forming process or an electrostatic printing process, and a toner including the same are disclosed. The polyester resin for toner is produced by carrying out esterification reaction and polycondensation reaction of reactant comprising aromatic dibasic acid of 80 to 100 mol % with respect to the total dibasic acid, trivalent or higher acid of 0.5 to 30 mol % with respect to the total dibasic acid, aromatic diol of equal to or less than 90 mol % with respect to the total dibasic acid, and aliphatic diol of 10 to 80 mol % with respect to the total dibasic acid, in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst selected from the group consisting of TiO2/SiO2 coprecipitates, TiO2/ZrO2 coprecipitates and the mixture thereof.

Abstract: A photocurable pressure-sensitive adhesive composition includes an acrylic binder resin including a cellulose compound and an acrylic monomer, an acrylate oligomer compound, a curing agent, and a photoinitiator.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing unsaturated aldehydes and/or unsaturated acids from olefins or alkanes in a fixed bed shell-and-tube heat exchanger-type reactor by catalytic vapor phase oxidation. A heat exchanger-type reactor for use in such a process is also disclosed. In the process, at least one of the first-step reaction zone and the second-step reaction zone is divided into two or more shell spaces by at least one partition; each of the divided shell spaces is independently heat-controlled; a heat transfer medium in the first shell space of the first-step reaction zone or the first shell space of the second-step reaction zone has a temperature ranging from the lowest active temperature of a catalyst layer packed in a reaction tube corresponding to the first shell space of the first-step reaction zone or the first shell space of the second-step reaction zone to [the lowest active temperature+20° C.

Abstract: Disclosed is a temperature measuring device. The temperature measuring device includes: a thermo-well tube; and a cable or wire type temperature measuring means which is installed in a thermo-well tube, wherein temperature measuring means has temperature detecting sensors disposed at an intermediate portion thereof, and the temperature detecting sensors can be moved axially in the thermo-well tube by applying tension to both ends of the cable or wire type temperature measuring means. The present invention also provides a reaction tube in which the temperature measuring device is disposed axially, and a reactor including at least one temperature measuring device or reaction tube as described above.

Abstract: Disclosed is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger type reactor that can be used for a process of producing unsaturated acids from olefins via fixed-bed catalytic partial oxidation, which comprises at least one reaction tube, each including at least one first-step catalyst layer, in which olefins are oxidized by a first-step catalyst to mainly produce unsaturated aldehydes, and at least two second-step catalyst layers, in which the unsaturated aldehydes are oxidized by a second-step catalyst to produce unsaturated acids, wherein a first catalyst layer of the second-step catalyst layers, disposed right adjacent to the first-step catalyst layer, has an activity corresponding to 5˜30% of the activity of the catalyst layer having a highest activity among the second-step catalyst layers. A method of producing unsaturated acids from olefins by using the reactor is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a torque detecting apparatus that includes a drive plate that is elastically deformable in response to an applied torque, strain gauges, and a torque detecting circuit, and the torque detecting apparatus can accurately detect torque transmitted from an engine output element of a vehicle having an automatic transmission to a torque converter input element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing (meth)acrylic acid comprising a process of recovering (meth)acrylic acid as aqueous (meth)acrylic acid solution from a (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas mixture produced by the catalytic gas phase oxidation of at least one reactant selected from the group consisting of propane, propylene, isobutylene and (meth)acrolein, wherein the recovering process comprises the steps of: (1) feeding the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas mixture into a quenching tower and condensing it in the quenching tower so as to recover an aqueous (meth)acrylic acid solution from the bottom of the quenching tower, in which some of the recovered aqueous (meth)acrylic acid solution is recycled to the upper portion of the quenching tower so as to condense the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas mixture; (2) passing the uncondensed part of the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas mixture from the top of the quenching tower to a distillation tower; and (3) heating the bottom of the distillation tower to separa

Abstract: Disclosed is a simplified method for recovering acrylic acid from a mixture containing acrylic acid, acrylic acid dimer and impurities with high boiling point, in a stable and efficient manner. The method comprises the steps of: introducing the mixture into an acrylic acid recovering device comprising an acrylic distillation unit integrated with an acrylic acid dimer pyrolysis tank; carrying out decomposition of acrylic acid dimmer under reduced pressure and recovering acrylic acid. The method optionally further comprises a step of recycling a portion of the solution obtained from the bottom of the acrylic acid recovering device to the acrylic acid recovering device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing (meth)acrylic acid comprising a process of recovering (meth)acrylic acid as an aqueous (meth)acrylic acid from a (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas mixture produced by the catalytic gas phase oxidation of at least one reactant selected from the group consisting of propane, propylene, isobutylene and (meth)acrolein, and a system usable for the method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process of producing unsaturated acids from unsaturated aldehydes by fixed-bed catalytic partial oxidation in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger-type reactor, as well as a shell-and-tube heat exchanger-type reactor for use in the process. In the invention, second-stage reaction zone of mainly producing unsaturated acids by the catalytic vapor phase oxidation of an unsaturated aldehyde-containing gas mixture produced in a first-stage reaction zone with molecular oxygen is divided into two or more shell spaces by at least one partition. Each of the divided shell spaces is filled with a heat transfer medium, and the heat transfer medium in each shell space is maintained at isothermal temperature or a temperature difference of 0-5° C. Also, in order to protect catalyst layers from a highly exothermic reaction, the process is performed at a limited temperature difference between the temperature at a hot spot and the temperature of the heat transfer medium.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a capacitor in a substrate on which there is prepared a field oxide layer, a gate electrode, a source region, a drain region and an insulation layer, includes the sequential processes of: etching a first mask pattern formed on a portion of a first conductive layer in contact with the source region; forming sequentially a first illustration layer and a second conductive layer on a surface of the first conductive layer; forming on a second conductive layer a second mask pattern having a reverse phase of the first mask pattern; etching the second conductive layer disposed on a portion of the first conductive layer; etching the oxidized second conductive layer disposed on an upper surface of the first insulation layer in a high pressure diffusion furnace; etching anistrophically the first insulation layer by using the oxidated second conductive layer as a mask; forming a pattern for an underlying electrode by etching anistrophically the first conductive layer to a predetermined thickness;