Abstract: Disclosed is a UWB antenna module arranged in the lateral direction of a portable terminal so as to prevent deterioration of communication performance while minimizing a mounting space. The disclosed UWB antenna module comprises: a planar base substrate; a plurality of radiation patterns arranged on the upper surface of the base substrate, and arranged so as to be spaced from each other; a switching element arranged on the lower surface of the base substrate and connected to the plurality of radiation patterns; and a communication chipset arranged to be spaced from the switching element on the lower surface of the base substrate, and connected to one of the plurality of radiation patterns through a switching operation of the switching element.

Abstract: A system with fault recovery includes: a plurality of worker nodes configured to perform distributed training; and a master node configured to control the plurality of worker nodes, wherein the master node is configured to: detect a fault of the plurality of worker nodes based on a predetermined period; adjust a collective communication participant list in response to the detecting of the fault; and transmit the adjusted participant list to one or more worker nodes in the adjusted participant list.

Abstract: A system with fault recovery includes: a plurality of worker nodes configured to perform distributed training; and a master node configured to control the plurality of worker nodes, wherein the master node is configured to: detect a fault of the plurality of worker nodes based on a predetermined period; adjust a collective communication participant list in response to the detecting of the fault; and transmit the adjusted participant list to one or more worker nodes in the adjusted participant list.

Abstract: An optical medium containing virtual write protect information can be recorded in drives and systems without first changing the write protection from on to off by receiving valid user input. The virtual write protection may also be enabled or disabled by additional information on the disc.

Abstract: An information storage medium includes: a user data area for recording user data; a spare area including spare blocks each for replacing a defective block occurring in the user data area; and a defect management area in which information about the defective block occurring in the user data area is recorded, wherein the spare blocks of the spare area include usable spare blocks with replacement blocks existing in forward parts of the usable spare blocks in a usage order, and usable spare blocks without replacement blocks existing in forward parts of the usable spare blocks in the usage order, wherein a next available position pointer of the spare area is recorded in the defect management area, and the next available position pointer of the spare area indicates a first usable spare block from among the usable spare blocks without the replacement blocks existing in the forward parts of the usable spare blocks in the usage order.

Abstract: A signal quality measuring apparatus includes a binary signal generating unit to generate a binary signal from an input signal; a level information extracting unit to extract level information from a relationship between the input signal and the binary signal using at least two window lengths; and a quality calculating unit to calculate a quality of the input signal based on the level information.

Abstract: An optical medium containing virtual write protect information can be recorded in drives and systems without first changing the write protection from on to off by receiving valid user input The virtual write protection may also be enabled or disabled by additional information on the disc.

Abstract: An optical medium containing virtual write protect information can be recorded in drives and systems without first changing the write protection from on to off by receiving valid user input. The virtual write protection may also be enabled or disabled by additional information on the disc.

Abstract: Provided is an information storage medium that has a plurality of recording layers, a recording/reproducing method, and a recording/reproducing apparatus. In the information storage medium, each of the plurality of recording layers includes an inner circumference zone and a data zone, and at least one of the recording layers includes, in the inner circumference zone, a temporary disc management area (TDMA) for recording information about a defect detected in the data zone, wherein a size of a TDMA allocated on an upper layer is greater than a size of a TDMA allocated on a lower layer.

Abstract: An information recording medium includes a lead-in area, a user data area, and a lead-out area, wherein at least one of the lead-in or lead-out areas includes a compatibility information area in which compatibility information, specifying whether each area on the information recording medium is recordable and/or reproducible. The compatibility information may include state information on whether the user data area is recordable and/or reproducible, state information on whether the lead-in/lead-out area is recordable and/or reproducible, state information on whether the compatibility information area is recordable and/or reproducible, or state information on whether a defect management area (DMA) is recordable and/or reproducible. Accordingly, an existing drive or apparatus for recording and/or reproducing data on and/or from an information recording medium can smoothly record and/or reproduce data on an information recording medium that is of a higher version than the existing drive or apparatus.

Abstract: Provided are an optical disc having a plurality of recording layers, and a method and apparatus for recording data thereon. The optical disc has a plurality of recording layers, each recording layer including: a data area; a connecting area; and a remaining area. The data, connecting, and remaining areas are respectively disposed in a direction from an inner circumference of the optical disc to an outer circumference. An outer boundary of each of the data areas is determined according to an amount of data to be recorded. Locations of the connecting areas and the remaining areas are determined by a recording and/or reproducing apparatus according to the determination of the outer boundary of each of the data areas.

Abstract: A recording apparatus for use with a reproduction-only optical information storage medium, including: a recording unit which records data on the reproduction-only optical information storage medium; and a controller which controls the recording unit to form, on the reproduction-only optical storage medium, a plurality of areas and at least one transition area. Each transition area is located between two adjacent areas. The transition area allows data to be smoothly reproduced from the reproduction-only optical information storage medium at a low error generation rate. Also, since the optical information storage medium provides standards for the transition area, it is compatible with existing optical information storage media.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording data on an optical recording medium form a mark or a space by using a recording waveform having an erase pattern containing a multi-pulse. The method and the apparatus prevent distortion of the mark or the space and improve a mark shape such that a recording/reproducing characteristic of the optical recording medium is improved.

Abstract: Provided is an information recording medium including a plurality of recording layers. Each recording layer may comprise at least one optical power control (OPC) area, and each OPC area is allocated so as not to overlap an adjacent layer in a given radius.

Abstract: An optical recording medium having a read-only storage area and a writable storage area and a recording/reproducing apparatus and method therefor. The optical recording medium is a hybrid disc having both the read-only storage area, which is suitable for mass production of information having the same contents, and the writable storage area on which data can be recorded, updated or added at a user's option.

Abstract: A recording and/or reproducing apparatus, a recording and/or reproducing method, and an information storage medium, wherein the recording and/or reproducing apparatus includes: a writing and/or reading unit writing data to or reading data from an information storage medium having one or more information recording layers; and a control unit controlling the writing and/or reading unit to write the data to the information storage medium by referring to one or more disk information structures including recording related parameter information corresponding to recording characteristics of the information storage medium, and recording characteristic information to which the recording related parameters are applied. According to the apparatus and method, parameters of recording characteristics appropriate to a recording and/or reproducing apparatus and compatibility between different specifications can be achieved.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for recording and/or reproducing data on a disc are provided using padding information, and a corresponding information storage medium. The recording method includes recording a recording unit block in which invalid data is padded in part of the block and recording padding information indicating that the invalid data is included. According to the method, a disc drive becomes able to distinguish valid data from invalid data in an error correction block such that reliability of reproduction increases and stability of the system is improved.

Abstract: A method of reproducing data from an information storage medium having a plurality of recording layers, each layer having a user data area, on which data is recordable by a pickup. A first amount of data is reproduced from a recording layer located closest to the pickup and lesser amounts of data than the first amount of data are reproduced from other ones of the plurality of recording layers. The amount of data reproduced from each of the other ones of the plurality of recording layers progressively decreases from the recording layer closest to the pickup to a recording layer farthest from the pickup.

Abstract: An optical recording medium has a user data area and a lead-out area, wherein the user data area and the lead-out area each has grooves and lands formed thereon. Wobbles are formed on at least one lateral surface of grooves of the user data area and the lead-out area, and configured such that wobble characteristics are made different between the user data area and the lead-out area. Different types of wobbles are formed on the grooves of either the user data area or the lead-out area, thereby preventing an optical pickup that performs recording/reproduction from deviating from the user data area. Also, in a multi-layer optical recording medium, a whole area of a recording layer is configured to have a same condition, thereby preventing deterioration in reproduction and/or recording due to a difference in light power transmittance of another recording layer.

Abstract: An optical disc includes a plurality of recording layers, each layer having a lead-in area, a data area, and a lead-out area. A dedicated-reproducing area having a disc-related information zone, and a rewritable area are provided in at least one of the lead-in and lead-out areas of the optical disc. Accordingly, a reliability of a data recording/reproducing with respect to the optical disc is improved.