Abstract: Provided is a method of forming a contact structure. The method includes forming a conductive pattern on a substrate. An interlayer insulating layer covering the conductive pattern is formed. The interlayer insulating layer is patterned to form an opening partially exposing the conductive pattern. An oxide layer is formed on substantially the entire surface of the substrate on which the opening is formed. A reduction process is performed to reduce the oxide layer. Here, the oxide layer on a bottom region of the opening is reduced to a catalyst layer, and the oxide layer on a region other than the bottom region of the opening is reduced to a non-catalyst layer. A nano material is grown from the catalyst layer, so that a contact plug is formed in the opening.

Abstract: Disclosed is a metal-metal oxide resistive memory device including a lower conductive layer pattern disposed in a substrate. An insulation layer is formed over the substrate, including a contact hole to partially expose the upper surface of the lower conductive layer pattern. The contact hole is filled with a carbon nanotube grown from the lower conductive layer pattern. An upper electrode and a transition-metal oxide layer made of a 2-components material are formed over the carbon nanotube and the insulation layer. The metal-metal oxide resistive memory device is adaptable to high integration and operable with relatively small power consumption by increasing the resistance therein.

Abstract: A multilayer insulating structure including a first stop layer, a first insulating layer and a second stop layer is formed on the first conductive structure. A second conductive structure and a second insulating layer are formed on the first conductive structure. The second insulating layer and the second conductive structure are etched to form a first hole and a second hole having a first radius. A spacer is formed on sidewalls of the first and second holes. The second stop layer and the first insulating layer are etched using the spacer as an etch mask to form a third hole having a second radius smaller than the first radius. A sacrificial filler is formed on the first stop layer to fill the third hole. After removing the spacer, the sacrificial filler is removed. The first stop layer is etched. A carbon nano-tube is grown from the first conductive structure.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an integrated circuit device is provided. The method includes sequentially forming a lower interconnection layer, a catalyst layer, and a buffer layer on a semiconductor substrate, forming an interlayer dielectric layer to cover the buffer layer, forming a contact hole through the interlayer dielectric layer so that a top surface of the buffer layer may be partially exposed, removing a portion of the buffer layer exposed by the contact hole so that a top surface of the catalyst layer may be exposed, and growing carbon nanotubes from a portion of the catalyst layer exposed by the contact hole so that the contact hole may be filled with the carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A magnetic memory device may include a digit line on a substrate, a first insulating layer on the digit line, and a magnetic tunnel junction memory cell on the first insulating layer so that the first insulating layer is between the digit line and the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A second insulating layer may be provided on the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell, wherein the second insulating layer has a hole therein exposing portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A bit line may be provided on the second insulating layer and on portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell exposed by the hole in the second insulating layer, and ferromagnetic spacers may be provided on sidewalls of at least one of the digit line and/or the bit line. Related methods are also discussed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a semiconductor device and a related method of manufacture. The semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor substrate, a conductive structure including contact regions and gate structures formed on the semiconductor substrate, a protection layer formed on the gate structures, an insulation layer formed on the protection layer, and a plurality of contacts directly contacting the contact regions and the semiconductor substrate through the insulation layer, wherein the contacts have substantially different heights from each other.

Abstract: In a phase changeable memory device and a method of formation thereof, the phase changeable memory device comprises: a lower electrode pattern on an interlayer insulating layer; an insulating pattern located on the lower electrode pattern; a phase changeable pattern penetrating the insulating pattern and the lower electrode pattern to contact the lower electrode pattern and the interlayer insulating layer; and an upper electrode on the phase changeable pattern.

Abstract: In a method of forming a carbon nano-tube, an oxidized metal layer is formed on a substrate. An insulation layer having an opening is formed on the oxidized metal layer to expose a surface of the oxidized metal layer through the opening. The oxidized metal layer exposed through the opening is converted into a catalyst metal layer pattern for allowing a carbon nano-tube to grow from the catalyst metal layer pattern. The carbon nano-tube grows from the catalyst metal layer pattern to form a carbon nano-tube wire in the opening. Thus, the carbon nano-tube may not grow between the insulation layer pattern and the catalyst metal layer pattern.

Abstract: A multilayer insulating structure including a first stop layer, a first insulating layer and a second stop layer is formed on the first conductive structure. A second conductive structure and a second insulating layer are formed on the first conductive structure. The second insulating layer and the second conductive structure are etched to form a first hole and a second hole having a first radius. A spacer is formed on sidewalls of the first and second holes. The second stop layer and the first insulating layer are etched using the spacer as an etch mask to form a third hole having a second radius smaller than the first radius. A sacrificial filler is formed on the first stop layer to fill the third hole. After removing the spacer, the sacrificial filler is removed. The first stop layer is etched. A carbon nano-tube is grown from the first conductive structure.

Abstract: A magnetic memory device may include a digit line on a substrate, a first insulating layer on the digit line, and a magnetic tunnel junction memory cell on the first insulating layer so that the first insulating layer is between the digit line and the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A second insulating layer may be provided on the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell, wherein the second insulating layer has a hole therein exposing portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A bit line may be provided on the second insulating layer and on portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell exposed by the hole in the second insulating layer, and ferromagnetic spacers may be provided on sidewalls of at least one of the digit line and/or the bit line. Related methods are also discussed.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric capacitor, a lower electrode layer is formed on a substrate. The lower electrode layer includes at least one lower electrode film. A ferroelectric layer is formed on the lower electrode layer, and then an upper electrode layer is formed on the ferroelectric layer. A hard mask structure is formed on the upper electrode layer. The hard mask structure includes a first hard mask and a second hard mask. An upper electrode, a ferroelectric layer pattern and a lower electrode are formed by partially etching the upper electrode layer, the ferroelectric layer and the lower electrode layer using the hard mask structure. The hard mask structure may prevent damage to the ferroelectric layer and may enlarge an effective area of the ferroelectric capacitor so that the ferroelectric capacitor may have enhanced electrical and ferroelectric characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a metal-metal oxide resistive memory device including a lower conductive layer pattern disposed in a substrate. An insulation layer is formed over the substrate, including a contact hole to partially expose the upper surface of the lower conductive layer pattern. The contact hole is filled with a carbon nanotube grown from the lower conductive layer pattern. An upper electrode and a transition-metal oxide layer made of a 2-components material are formed over the carbon nanotube and the insulation layer. The metal-metal oxide resistive memory device is adaptable to high integration and operable with relatively small power consumption by increasing the resistance therein.

Abstract: Disclosed are a semiconductor device and a related method of manufacture. The semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor substrate, a conductive structure including contact regions and gate structures formed on the semiconductor substrate, a protection layer formed on the gate structures, an insulation layer formed on the protection layer, and a plurality of contacts directly contacting the contact regions and the semiconductor substrate through the insulation layer, wherein the contacts have substantially different heights from each other.

Abstract: In a phase changeable memory device and a method of formation thereof, the phase changeable memory device comprises: a lower electrode pattern on an interlayer insulating layer; an insulating pattern located on the lower electrode pattern; a phase changeable pattern penetrating the insulating pattern and the lower electrode pattern to contact the lower electrode pattern and the interlayer insulating layer; and an upper electrode on the phase changeable pattern.

Abstract: A magnetic memory device may include a digit line on a substrate, a first insulating layer on the digit line, and a magnetic tunnel junction memory cell on the first insulating layer so that the first insulating layer is between the digit line and the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A second insulating layer may be provided on the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell, wherein the second insulating layer has a hole therein exposing portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell. A bit line may be provided on the second insulating layer and on portions of the magnetic tunnel junction memory cell exposed by the hole in the second insulating layer, and ferromagnetic spacers may be provided on sidewalls of at least one of the digit line and/or the bit line. Related methods are also discussed.