Abstract: A storage device comprises a nonvolatile memory configured to store data that is written in size units of a mapping size, and a storage controller configured to transmit a command to the nonvolatile memory. The storage controller includes a host interface configured to receive a write command from a host device, the write command including a command to write first data to a first address, the first data having a first size smaller than the mapping size. The storage controller includes processing circuitry configured to transmit a read command to the nonvolatile memory, to cause the nonvolatile memory to read second data stored in the nonvolatile memory addressed based on the first address, in response to a determination that the first size is smaller than the mapping size and before the first data is received at the storage controller through the host interface.

Abstract: A storage device comprises a nonvolatile memory configured to store data that is written in size units of a mapping size, and a storage controller configured to transmit a command to the nonvolatile memory. The storage controller includes a host interface configured to receive a write command from a host device, the write command including a command to write first data to a first address, the first data having a first size smaller than the mapping size. The storage controller includes processing circuitry configured to transmit a read command to the nonvolatile memory, to cause the nonvolatile memory to read second data stored in the nonvolatile memory addressed based on the first address, in response to a determination that the first size is smaller than the mapping size and before the first data is received at the storage controller through the host interface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: A storage apparatus includes one or more memory units each having a plurality of memory blocks to store a file having data corresponding to a plurality of clusters, and a controller to store the file in the memory units such that such that the data of at least two sequential addresses of the clusters are stored in the memory blocks of different memory units.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Provided is a session management method of managing a session created between a wireless universal serial bus (USB) host and a wireless USB device through a wireless network, the session management method including: receiving session status messages periodically transmitted for checking a status of the created session; counting a number of continuous reception failures representing a number of the session status messages that are not received; and if the number of the continuous reception failures of session status messages is greater than a reference number, changing the current status of the session to a suspended status if the current status of the session is a connected status, and closing the created session if the current status of the session is a suspended status.

Abstract: Provided is a data storage device including two or more data storage areas including may have two or more (heterogeneous) types of nonvolatile memory cells. At least one of the data storage areas includes a plurality of memory blocks that are sequentially selected, and metadata are stored in the currently selected memory block. The memory blocks can be sequentially used and metadata can be stored in a uniformly-distributed manner throughout the data storage device. Therefore, separate merging and wear-leveling operations are unnecessary. Thus, it is possible to improve the lifetime and writing performance of a data storage device having two or more heterogeneous nonvolatile memories.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: A method of interfacing between a universal serial bus (USB) host and a USB device. The USB host and the USB device include modules to process packets according to network protocols, instead of USB bus interfaces. Therefore, the USB device can be connected to the USB host even without a USB cable, and thus is not affected by the distance between the USB host and USB device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: A storage apparatus includes one or more memory units each having a plurality of memory blocks to store a file having data corresponding to a plurality of clusters, and a controller to store the file in the memory units such that such that the data of at least two sequential addresses of the clusters are stored in the memory blocks of different memory units.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for communication scheduling. The apparatus includes a control unit for determining whether a reference node and a plurality of child nodes of the reference node have completed communication scheduling, which is required for performing communication between the reference node and the child nodes during a time period, based on the reference node; and a scheduling unit for performing the communication scheduling between the reference node and a parent node of the reference node by selecting a communication time, when the communication scheduling between the reference node and the child nodes have been completed.

Abstract: A method of operating a non-volatile data storage device includes determining the type of the previous power off event when the non-volatile data storage device is rebooted; and selecting and performing a reboot sequence based upon the determined type of the power off event. Determining the type of the previous power off event may be performed by analyzing one or more metadata groups stored in the non-volatile data storage device. During normal operation of the data storage device a preamble (indicating that an operation of a data storage device started) and a postamble (indicating that an operation of the data storage device ended) are written in each group of metadata. If the power off event is a sudden (abnormal) power off event during a write operation, the postamble is not written, and its absence indicates that the power off event was a sudden (abnormal) power off event.