Abstract: Provided is a data storage device including two or more data storage areas including may have two or more (heterogeneous) types of nonvolatile memory cells. At least one of the data storage areas includes a plurality of memory blocks that are sequentially selected, and metadata are stored in the currently selected memory block. The memory blocks can be sequentially used and metadata can be stored in a uniformly-distributed manner throughout the data storage device. Therefore, separate merging and wear-leveling operations are unnecessary. Thus, it is possible to improve the lifetime and writing performance of a data storage device having two or more heterogeneous nonvolatile memories.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system and a method of programming a multi-bit flash memory device which includes memory cells configured to store multi-bit data, where the method includes and the system is configured for determining whether data to be stored in a selected memory cell is an LSB data; and if data to be stored in a selected memory cell is not an LSB data, backing up lower data stored in the selected memory cell to a backup memory block of the multi-bit flash memory device.

Abstract: A method of interfacing between a universal serial bus (USB) host and a USB device. The USB host and the USB device include modules to process packets according to network protocols, instead of USB bus interfaces. Therefore, the USB device can be connected to the USB host even without a USB cable, and thus is not affected by the distance between the USB host and USB device.

Abstract: Provided is a session management method of managing a session created between a wireless universal serial bus (USB) host and a wireless USB device through a wireless network, the session management method including: receiving session status messages periodically transmitted for checking a status of the created session; counting a number of continuous reception failures representing a number of the session status messages that are not received; and if the number of the continuous reception failures of session status messages is greater than a reference number, changing the current status of the session to a suspended status if the current status of the session is a connected status, and closing the created session if the current status of the session is a suspended status.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for communication scheduling. The apparatus includes a control unit for determining whether a reference node and a plurality of child nodes of the reference node have completed communication scheduling, which is required for performing communication between the reference node and the child nodes during a time period, based on the reference node; and a scheduling unit for performing the communication scheduling between the reference node and a parent node of the reference node by selecting a communication time, when the communication scheduling between the reference node and the child nodes have been completed.