Abstract: A compound having the following general formula (I): ##STR1## where R is a hydrogen atom; a linear or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least a phenyl group or at least a hydrogen atom; a benzyl group substituted by at least a linear or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or alkoxy group or a nitro group; a silyl substituted by at least a linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group; n is 0 or 1; and Y is a radical of formula ##STR2## wherein A is H, OH, Cl, CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 X, where X is F, Cl, Br, I, OH or OR' and R' is COCH.sub.3 or a linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group and - - - represents a single or a double bond, with the proviso that when n=0 and R is H, R' is not a methyl group.

Abstract: Cefazolin, cefazedone, cefoperazone, cefamandole, cefatrizine or ceftriaxone is prepared by reacting glutaryl 7-ACA of the formula: ##STR1## with a compound of formula (II):R--SH (II)wherein R is 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl, 1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1-methyl-tetrazol-5-yl or1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl group, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are both hydrogen and the other is an acyl group, in an aqueous solution in an amount of 3-5 mols per mol of glutaryl 7-ACA to about 90.degree. C. and for a time from about 2 to about 10 hours;optionally recovering the excess of the compound of formula (II), thereby preparing a compound of formula (III) in an aqueous solution: ##STR2## wherein R is as above defined and optionally deacylating said compound of formula (III); andconverting the resulting compound of formula (I) ##STR3## wherein R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above in the presence of a non-chlorinated solvent into one of said cephalosporins.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy-C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: There are disclosed new compounds of formula (I), wherein R is: a hydrogen atom: a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl group, unsubstituted or substituted by at least a phenyl group or at least a hydrogen atom: a benzyl group substituted by at least a linear or branched C1-C4 alkyl or alkoxy group or a nitro group; a silyl substituted by at least a linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C4 alkyl group; n is 0 or 1; and Y is a radical of formula (II), wherein A is H, OH, Cl, CH2, CH2X, where X is F, Cl, Br, I, OH or OR' and R' is COCH3 or a linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C4 alkyl group and . . . represents a single or a double bond, with the proviso that when n=0 and R is H, R' is not a methyl group; and processes for obtaining them.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 C(O)--; ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy-C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 C(O)--; ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy--C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R is an heterocyclic group which contains at least one nitrogen atom with or without oxygen or sulphur and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are both hydrogen atoms or one of them is an hydrogen atom and the other is an acyl group; the process comprising reacting a compound of formula (II) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each as defined above, and wherein, if necessary, any reactive group is protected by a suitable protective group, or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (III)R--SH (III)wherein R is as defined above, or a salt thereof, in the presence of an acid and of a compound of formula (IV) ##STR3## wherein each of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 taken together are a C.sub.2 or C.sub.3 alkylene chain and, if necessary, removing the protective groups possibly present.

Abstract: Process for the alkylation of phenols comprising reacting a phenol with a vinyl-aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of an acidic catalyst and of a solvent.

Abstract: A process of producing a silanic or siloxanic compound containing at least one cycloalkyl ring by the hydrogenation of a corresponding compound containing at least one aromatic ring, in the presence of a Raney nickel catalyst having a granulometry comprised essentially between 10 and 150 micrometers and a surface area of at least 80 m.sup.2 /g.

Abstract: A process for producing a silane or siloxane compound containing at least one cycloalkyl ring by hydrogenation of a corresponding derivative containing at least one aromatic ring in the presence of a Raney nickel catalyst modified with chromium.

Abstract: A process of producing a silanic or siloxanic compound containing at least one cycloalkyl ring by hydrogenation of a corresponding compound containing at least one aromatic ring, in solution, in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium, supported on active carbon and at a pressure equal to or higher than 10 bar.

Abstract: A process for the chlorination of the benzene rings of tricyclo 8.2.2.2 hexadeca 4,6,10,12,13,15 hexane (or (2,2)-paracyclophane) having the formula (I): ##STR1## by gaseous chlorine, by operating in the presence of at least one metal chloride as a catalyst, and at least one co-catalyst having the formula V:R--OH (V)whereinR=hydrocarbon or alkylcarboxylic radical with linear or branched chain, containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms is taught.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane or derivatives thereof by the Hofmann elimination of p-methylbenzyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide or derivatives thereof, in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, wherein said elimination is carried out in the presence of a compound of the formula (I):(R).sub.m --A--(X).sub.n (I)wherein A represents an aromatic group, X an electron donor group, R hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 6, and m is zero or an integer from 1 up to a value such that the sum m+n is equal to the number of substitutable positions in the aromatic group.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane or derivatives thereof by the Hofmann elimination of p.-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide or derivatives thereof, in an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, wherein said elimination is carried out in the presence of a ketone of the formula:Ch.sub.3 --CO--CH.sub.2 --R (I)wherein R is hydrogen, a halogen, or an alkyl-carboxylic group.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane by conversion of p.methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide to the corresponding hydroxide and by Hofmann elimination from p.methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, wherein both reactions are carried out in the same aqueous solution of an alkaline hydroxide and in the presence of a copper or iron compound.