Abstract: A process for preparing aromatic amines by catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding nitro compound in a fluidized-bed reactor, in which a gaseous reaction mixture comprising the nitro compound and hydrogen flows from the bottom upward through a heterogeneous particulate catalyst forming a fluidized bed, wherein the fluidized bed is provided with internals which divide the fluidized bed into a plurality of cells arranged horizontally in the fluidized-bed reactor and a plurality of cells arranged vertically in the fluidized-bed reactor, with the cells having cell walls which are permeable to gas and have openings which ensure an exchange number of the heterogeneous, particulate catalyst in the vertical direction in the range from 1 to 100 liters/hour per liter of reactor volume, is proposed.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed reactor for carrying out a gas-phase reaction, in which a gaseous reaction mixture flows from the bottom upward through a heterogeneous particulate catalyst forming a fluidized bed and internals are arranged in the fluidized bed, wherein the internals divide the fluidized bed into a plurality of cells arranged horizontally in the fluidized-bed reactor and a plurality of cells arranged vertically in the fluidized-bed reactor, with the cells having cell walls which are permeable to gas and have openings which ensure an exchange number of the heterogeneous particulate catalyst in the vertical direction in the range from 1 to 100 liters/hour per liter of reactor volume, is proposed.

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorine in a fluidized-bed reactor, in which a gaseous reaction mixture comprising hydrogen chloride and oxygen flows from the bottom upward through a heterogeneous particulate catalyst forming a fluidized bed, wherein the fluidized bed is provided with internals which divide the fluidized bed into a plurality of cells arranged horizontally in the fluidized-bed reactor and a plurality of cells arranged vertically in the fluidized-bed reactor, with the cells having cell walls which are permeable to gas and have openings which ensure an exchange number of the heterogeneous, particulate catalyst in the vertical direction in the range from 1 to 100 liters/hour per liter of reactor volume, is proposed.

Abstract: A catalyst for gas-phase reactions which has high mechanical stability and comprises one or more active metals on a support comprising aluminum oxide as support material, wherein the aluminum oxide in the support consists essentially of alpha-aluminum oxide. Ruthenium, copper and/or gold are preferred as active metal. Particularly preferred catalysts according to invention comprise a) from 0.001 to 10% by weight of ruthenium, copper and/or gold, b) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkaline earth metals, c) from 0 to 5% by weight of one or more alkali metals, d) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more rare earth metals, e) from 0 to 10% by weight of one or more further metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium, silver and rhenium, in each case based on the total weight of the catalyst, on the support comprising alpha-Al2O3. The catalysts are preferably used in the oxidation of hydrogen chloride (Deacon reaction).

Abstract: Process for preparing chlorine from hydrogen chloride, which comprises the steps: a) feeding of a stream a1 comprising hydrogen chloride and of a stream a2 comprising oxygen into an oxidation zone and catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine, giving a product gas stream a3 comprising chlorine, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert gases; b) cooling of the product gas stream a3 and removal of water and hydrogen chloride as aqueous hydrochloric acid, leaving a gas stream b comprising chlorine, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert gases; c) optional drying of the gas stream b) to leave a gas stream c which is substantially free of water and comprises chlorine, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert gases; d) at least partial liquefaction of the gas stream c and of a chlorine-rich recycle stream f1 comprising chlorine, oxygen and carbon dioxide by compression and cooling, giving an at least partially liquefied stream d; e) gas/liquid separation of the stream d into a gas stream e1 comprising chlorine,

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for carrying out exothermic chemical equilibrium reactions in a fluidized-bed reactor, wherein there is a temperature distribution in the fluidized bed of the fluidized-bed reactor and the temperature difference between the lowest temperature and the highest temperature is at least 10 K. The invention further relates to a fluidized-bed reactor for carrying out chemical reactions in a fluidized bed (5), wherein at least one heat exchanger (12, 28) is located in the fluidized bed (5) to control the temperature distribution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor and a process for preparing chlorine from hydrogen chloride by gas-phase oxidation by means of oxygen in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst in a fluidized bed, with gas-permeable plates being located in the fluidized bed. The gas-permeable plates are connected in a thermally conductive manner to a heat exchanger located in the fluidized bed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing chlorine by catalytic gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride, which comprises the steps: a) providing a feed gas stream I comprising hydrogen chloride and a feed gas stream II comprising oxygen; b) in a first oxidation stage, feeding the feed gas stream I, the feed gas stream II, if desired a recycle stream la comprising hydrogen chloride and if desired an oxygen-containing recycle stream IIa into a first oxidation zone and bringing them into contact with a first oxidation catalyst so that a first partial amount of the hydrogen chloride is oxidized to chlorine and a gas stream III comprising chlorine, unreacted oxygen, unreacted hydrogen chloride and water vapor is obtained; c) in a second oxidation stage, feeding the gas stream III into a second oxidation zone and bringing it into contact with at least one further oxidation catalyst so that a second partial amount of the hydrogen chloride is oxidized to chlorine and a product gas stream IV comprising chlorin