Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: Source wires having a semiconductor film thereunder are formed wide within a range that does not overlap pixel electrodes formed later. Thereafter, a resist pattern for use in patterning the pixel electrodes is formed so as to overlap edge portions of the source wires, and etching using the resist pattern as a mask is performed, whereby the pixel electrodes are formed, and in addition, the edge portions of the source wires are removed, whereby a structure in which the semiconductor film has a portion projecting beyond the source wires on both sides is formed.

Abstract: A fuel reformer 20 producing a reformed gas by catalysis by using a fuel gas includes a combustion chamber 24, a combustion nozzle 30, an exhausting pipe 15, a gas distribution gap 25, an outer reforming portion 43, a fuel gas introduction pipe 10, and a reformed gas outlet pipe 11. The combustion nozzle 30 is located in the combustion chamber 24. A columnar protruding portion 40 is provided in the combustion chamber 24.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell includes a cell stack, a reformed gas introduction path introducing a reformed gas into the cell stack, an oxidizing agent gas introduction path introducing an oxidizing agent gas into the cell stack, and a cooling gas introduction path introducing a cooling gas into the oxidizing agent gas introduction path. A heat-absorption part absorbing heat is provided in a periphery of the cell stack, and the cooling gas introduction path is connected with the oxidizing agent gas introduction path through the heat-absorption part.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a light-source unit that emits a plurality of light beams, a deflector that deflects the light beams, and an image-forming optical system that receives the light beam deflected by the deflector and forms a spot image on photoconductors. The image-forming optical system includes a first scanning lens that allows only a corresponding light beam to pass and is arranged to form, upon receiving a virtual light beam, the spot image on the photoconductor with a not-curved line. The virtual line lies between a pair of light beams that travels in one of areas separated by a reference plane that is parallel to a sub-scanning direction and on which a normal line to a deflection plane of the deflector falls.

Abstract: Each scanning optical system includes a first scanning lens and a second scanning lens through which a light beam is incident onto the first scanning lens. The second scanning lens of each scanning optical system is disposed at the optically most downstream side in the scanning optical system and has an optical plane that has the strongest power in a sub-scanning corresponding direction. In addition, the optical plane of each second scanning lens, which has the strongest power in the sub-scanning corresponding direction, is located under the shaft bearings of neighboring polygon mirrors in the vertical direction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an enlargement optical system configured to form an image of an object at an enlargement side, including a lens system and a mirror system in order from a side of the object, the lens system including at least one lens, the mirror system including a first mirror and a second mirror in order from a side of the object, and the second mirror being an concave mirror, wherein an intermediate image conjugate to the object is formed at a side of the object with respect to the second mirror and the first mirror is held to be capable of adjusting a position thereof.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is an image displaying apparatus including an image displaying element configured to form an image to be projected and a projection optical system having a positive refractive power and configured to project the image to be projected onto a screen, wherein the projection optical system includes a lens optical system and a mirror optical system, the lens optical system including plural lens groups, the mirror optical system including a first mirror and a second mirror, the second mirror being a concave mirror, wherein an intermediate image of a pixel of the image displaying element is formed between the image displaying element and the second mirror, and wherein the first mirror is held to be capable of adjusting a position thereof.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: An image displaying apparatus including a light source, an image displaying element configured to control exiting of incident light to display an image, an illumination optical system configured to illuminate the image displaying element with light exiting from the light source, and a projection optical system configured to project an image displayed on a display surface of the image displaying element, to provide an enlarged display. The projection optical system includes a lens optical system, a first mirror configured to reflect light transmitted through the lens optical system, and a second mirror configured to reflect light reflected from the first mirror toward the surface to be projected onto, and one of the mirrors is arranged at a position conjugate to the image displaying element, and wherein an optical surface of the one mirror is arranged to face vertically downward.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: Source wires having a semiconductor film thereunder are formed wide within a range that does not overlap pixel electrodes formed later. Thereafter, a resist pattern for use in patterning the pixel electrodes is formed so as to overlap edge portions of the source wires, and etching using the resist pattern as a mask is performed, whereby the pixel electrodes are formed, and in addition, the edge portions of the source wires are removed, whereby a structure in which the semiconductor film has a portion projecting beyond the source wires on both sides is formed.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is an enlargement optical system configured to form an image of an object at an enlargement side, including a lens system and a mirror system in order from a side of the object, the lens system including at least one lens, the mirror system including a first mirror and a second mirror in order from a side of the object, and the second mirror being an concave mirror, wherein an intermediate image conjugate to the object is formed at a side of the object with respect to the second mirror and the first mirror is held to be capable of adjusting a position thereof.

Abstract: An optical scanning device that scans a scanning surface with a light beam includes a light source that emits the light beam and a pre-deflector optical system that includes at least one diffractive optical element including a diffraction surface having no power at room temperature. The diffraction surface has a multi-step shape having a plurality of zone surfaces substantially perpendicular to an optical axis and a plurality of step surfaces each adjacent to each of the zone surfaces. On a cross sectional plane of the diffraction surface including the optical axis, each of the zone surfaces and each of the step surfaces makes an obtuse angle.

Abstract: In a light beam scanning device, a plurality of light sources, which irradiates a plurality of light beams in a first direction and is retained by a holder, are disposed at distance from one another in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. The plurality of light beams are incident, via a coupling optical system, to deflecting and reflecting surfaces of a deflector from a direction that is tilted with respect to a plane orthogonal to the rotational shaft of the deflector. The holder is supported by a housing of the light beam scanning device at a plurality of different positions in a third direction extending from the light source to the coupling optical system.

Abstract: An image display device includes an image display element, a light source, an illumination system, a projector system comprising a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups, and a mirror train including a curved mirror, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of the image display element, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the image display element by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.