Abstract: A bicycle control apparatus is provided with a controller for controlling an output of an assist motor according to a manual drive force. The controller is configured to selectively set a first control state and a second control state, in which output states of the assist motor with respect to the manual drive force are different from each other. The controller controls the output of the assist motor so that a response speed of the assist motor with respect to changes in the manual drive force in the first control state will be faster than the response speed of the assist motor with respect to changes in the manual drive force in the second control state, when a crank of a bicycle is rotated from a stopped state and/or when a rotational speed of the crank is less than or equal to a prescribed first speed.

Abstract: A bicycle detection device is basically provided with a single sensor that is configured to output a first detection signal of a first state in response to a movement of a first operating member. The sensor is configured to output a second detection signal of a second state, which is different from the first state, in response to a movement of a second operating member.

Abstract: A bicycle control apparatus is basically provided with a memory device and a control device. The control device is programmed with an automatic switching function and a manual switching function. The automatic switching function automatically switches an assist ratio, which is a ratio of a manual drive force to a drag force of an electric assist motor, based on a relationship between a threshold value that is stored and a reference value that is indicative of one of a bicycle traveling environment and a bicycle traveling state. The manual switching function switches the assist ratio based on a manual operation. The control device is further programmed to update the threshold value is updated based on the reference value when switching the assist ratio by the manual switching function.

Abstract: A bicycle transmission control device is basically provided with a transmission controller that is programmed to switch between a first control state and a second control state. The bicycle transmission control device operates in accordance with the first control state for controlling a transmission based on a first signal that is input from a first detector, which detects a rotation of a crank. The bicycle transmission control device operates in accordance with the second control state for controlling the transmission based on a second signal that is input from a second detector, which detects a value reflecting a bicycle speed.

Abstract: A bicycle control device controls a motor to assist driving of a wheel of a bicycle. The bicycle control device includes an input unit and a controller that switches, when the input unit is operated, between a ride mode that controls the motor in correspondence with manual driving force and a walk mode that drives the motor in correspondence with the operation of the input unit. After switching to the walk mode, the controller drives the motor in correspondence with the operation of the input unit.

Abstract: A control device for an automatic transmission for a bicycle is provided. The control device comprises a controller configured to instruct the automatic transmission to shift among a plurality of speed stages, each speed stage having an associated cadence range, wherein the controller is further configured to determine a traveling resistance of the bicycle, and if the traveling resistance exceeds a predetermined threshold, the controller is configured to adjust at least one of the cadence ranges, and following the adjustment of the at least one cadence range, the controller is further configured to operate the automatic transmission to shift based upon the adjusted cadence range and a detected cadence.

Abstract: A bicycle control apparatus is configured to control a drive unit having a motor that assist in manual driving. The bicycle control apparatus includes an operating unit and a control unit. The operating unit is configured to be operated in accordance with first and second operating methods that are different from each other. The control unit is configured to change a setting state of a function that is set in advance without driving the drive unit in response to the operating unit being operated in accordance with the first operating method. The control unit is configured to drive the drive unit in response to the operating unit being operated in accordance with the second operating method.

Abstract: Provided are: a liquid for treatment of Citrus greening disease, which is capable of curing citrus trees with Citrus greening disease; and a treatment method using the liquid. The liquid for treatment of Citrus greening disease contains Fe ions and at least some of the Fe ions are present in the form of Fe2+ ions. This treatment liquid contains a predetermined amount of Fe ions and an acid. Citrus greening disease is able to be cured by spraying the treatment liquid onto leaves of citrus trees infected with Citrus greening disease or by pouring the treatment liquid on the roots of citrus trees infected with Citrus greening disease.

Abstract: A storage device 101 in one aspect of the present invention records/reproduces data to/from a plurality of exchangeable recording media 105 using a plurality of drive units 111. The plurality of recording media are stored in magazines 104, and are attached/detached to/from the storage device in a magazine-by-magazine manner. The storage device includes a transport section 108 for transporting a plurality of recording media between the magazine attached to the storage device and the plurality of drive units, and a RAID control section 103 for dividing data depending on a predetermined RAID to be formed by a plurality of recording media and recording in parallel the data to the plurality of recording media using two or more of the drive units, wherein one RAID is formed by one magazine.

Abstract: Recording failure area information includes information indicating an optical disk having a recording failure area in which data is missing, and indicating a position of the recording failure area in the optical disk, out of the optical disks constituting a disk array. A controller (110) includes a recording controller (121) which records data in data blocks of the optical disks by striping the data, and records, in at least one parity block, at least one parity data for use in recovering data in a data block in which the data is missing, out of the data blocks; and a management information updater (125) which records recording failure area information in a management information area of at least one of the optical disks, in the case where data is missing in at least one of optical disk drives at the time of data recording.

Abstract: Provided are: a liquid for treatment of Citrus greening disease, which is capable of curing citrus trees with Citrus greening disease; and a treatment method using the liquid. The liquid for treatment of Citrus greening disease contains Fe ions and at least some of the Fe ions are present in the form of Fe2+ ions. This treatment liquid contains a predetermined amount of Fe ions and an acid. Citrus greening disease is able to be cured by spraying the treatment liquid onto leaves of citrus trees infected with Citrus greening disease or by pouring the treatment liquid on the roots of citrus trees infected with Citrus greening disease.

Abstract: Provided are an optical disc recording device and a recording signal generating device which enable to correct displacement between a reproducing position of a reproduction signal from a concave-convex mark preformed in an optical disc, and a recording position of second information to be recorded in synchronism with the reproduction signal, and stably and speedily record the second information. A digital signal processor (202) specifies a reproducing position in the concave-convex mark, using a reproduction signal and a channel clock. A recording signal generator (211) generates a recording signal alternately including a plurality of additionally recordable data, each of which includes second information and has a predetermined length, and a plurality of dummy data.

Abstract: An optical disc recording apparatus (10) is provided with a tracking servo (13) for tracking a spiral track of concave and convex marks, an analog signal processor (14) for extracting a reproduction signal corresponding to the concave and convex marks, a digital signal processor (15) for extracting a channel clock synchronized with a channel bit length of the concave and convex marks, and a sub-information recording section (30) for recording sub-information by irradiating laser light based on the tracking to the spiral track. The sub-information recording section (30) records all the sub-information by repeating a process of recording a part of the sub-information by discretely irradiating laser light at a specified interval and with a specified frequency in synchronism with a channel clock by one tracking to form recordable marks on a reflective film a plurality of times.

Abstract: To record specific information to a disk-shaped record medium and reproduce the recorded specific information without any influence on the error correction capability. Copy protection information (CPID) having an error correction code appended thereto, shuffled and otherwise treated is sent as a CPID bit block to an EDC rewrite circuit (14). The EDC rewrite circuit (14) rewrites an error detection code appended to user data in each sector in accordance with bit information in the CPID bit block. Thereafter, the data in each sector is scrambled, and an ECC block including a plurality of sectors is modulated with an error correction code and sync signal appended thereto. The modulated signal is recorded in a reserve area of a lead-in area of the disk-shaped record medium. During reproduction, CPID is restored based on the result of error detection of each sector.

Abstract: An optical disc includes a reflective film formed on concave and convex marks after the concave and convex marks are synchronized with the integral multiple of a channel bit length and formed in accordance with modulated main information. Thereafter, continuous or intermittent laser light synchronized with the integral multiple of the channel bit length is irradiated at intervals longer than the longest one of the concave and convex marks in accordance with a spiral track formed in a circumferential direction of the concave and convex marks, whereby an optical characteristic of the reflective film is changed to form a recordable mark and sub-information necessary to reproduce the main information is recorded in a superimposition manner.

Abstract: An optical disc includes a reflective film formed on concave and convex marks after the concave and convex marks are synchronized with the integral multiple of a channel bit length and formed in accordance with modulated main information. Thereafter, continuous or intermittent laser light synchronized with the integral multiple of the channel bit length is irradiated at intervals longer than the longest one of the concave and convex marks in accordance with a spiral track formed in a circumferential direction of the concave and convex marks, whereby an optical characteristic of the reflective film is changed to form a recordable mark and sub-information necessary to reproduce the main information is recorded in a superimposition manner.

Abstract: A recording medium comprising a recording area, the recording area includes a first area and a second area, the first area includes a frame area, the frame area includes an area in which a second synchronization code sequence and at least a portion of data are to be recorded, and the second area includes an area of linking frames in which a third synchronization code sequence and a fourth synchronization code sequence are to be recorded.

Abstract: An information recording device, an information reproducing device, and an information recording medium securely protect copyright of main information, and prevent illegal access to the recorded main information. The information recording device includes a medium unique information generating section that generates second sub information by data-converting stamper unique information based on disc identification information that differs for each optical disc after transferring main information and first sub information from a stamper having the main information and the first sub information recorded thereon onto an optical disc, and a medium unique information recording section that records the second sub information on the optical disc having recorded thereon in advance the main information and the first sub information in a form different from the forms of the main information and the first sub information.

Abstract: Provided is an optical disk reproduction apparatus capable of preventing information that is different from the original sub information from being subjected to error correction erroneously, and of stably reproducing the sub information. The optical disk reproduction apparatus (1) has an optical head (301) for reading a reproduction signal including main information and sub information based on a recording mark formed on an optical disk (300), a main information extraction unit (4) for extracting the main information from the reproduction signal, and a sub information extraction unit (2) for extracting the sub information from the reproduction signal.

Abstract: Provided is an optical disc having main information to be decrypted using sub information recorded thereon by arranging concave or convex recording marks in a spiral track wherein a reflective film is formed on the recording marks. First sub information is recorded and superimposed on the main information by shifting/deforming the recording marks or altering a pattern of the recording marks. Second sub information is recorded and superimposed on the main information by changing a reflectivity of the reflective film. The first and second sub information are recorded in an area from which the first and second sub information are to be read simultaneously. The second sub information is recorded in a manner to be associated with the first sub information. The first and second sub information are associated with each other and are recorded in the same area.