Abstract: A light beam direction control element includes light transmission regions interposed between a first light transmission substrate and a second light transmission substrate, light absorption regions located between the light transmission regions, a light transmission dispersion medium enclosed in the light absorption regions, and electrophoretic particles dispersed in the light transmission dispersion medium. The light transmission regions include a first light transmission region extending from the first light transmission substrate toward the second light transmission substrate, and a second light transmission region extending from the first light transmission region toward the second light transmission substrate. A height of the first light transmission region is lower than a height of the second light transmission region and a width of the first light transmission region is wider than a width of the second light transmission region.

Abstract: A light beam direction control element includes light transmission regions interposed between a first light transmission substrate and a second light transmission substrate, light absorption regions located between the light transmission regions, a light transmission dispersion medium enclosed in the light absorption regions, and electrophoretic particles dispersed in the light transmission dispersion medium. The light transmission regions include a first light transmission region extending from the first light transmission substrate toward the second light transmission substrate, and a second light transmission region extending from the first light transmission region toward the second light transmission substrate. A height of the first light transmission region is lower than a height of the second light transmission region and a width of the first light transmission region is wider than a width of the second light transmission region.

Abstract: In a light beam direction control element having: light transmitting regions made of light transmitting material arrayed on a substrate; and a light absorbing region made of light absorbent material filling a gap between the light transmitting regions, the light absorbing region restricting a light beam direction of light passing through the substrate, the light absorbing region extends in first and second directions that form a right angle to each other in a substrate plane. The light beam direction control element further has: a crossing portion where the light absorbing region extending in the first direction and the light absorbing region extending in the second direction cross each other to form an L or T shape; and at least one structure dividing the light absorbing region, located on a region which is other than the crossing portion and where the light absorbing region extends in the first or second directions.

Abstract: Provided is a release film to be in contact with a surface of a base member and a surface of an object between the surface of the base member and the surface of the object. The release film includes a crystalline layer and a debond layer in contact with the crystalline layer. The debond layer has pores and includes an amorphous substance soluble in a solvent.

Abstract: A thin-film device includes a resin film which includes a first surface and a second surface facing the first surface, a first inorganic layer on the first surface, a thin-film element on the first inorganic layer, and a second inorganic layer on the second surface, wherein a film density of the second inorganic layer is greater than a film density of the first inorganic layer.

Abstract: Provided is a release film to be in contact with a surface of a base member and a surface of an object between the surface of the base member and the surface of the object. The release film includes a crystalline layer and a debond layer in contact with the crystalline layer. The debond layer has pores and includes an amorphous substance soluble in a solvent.

Abstract: In a light beam direction control element having: light transmitting regions made of light transmitting material arrayed on a substrate; and a light absorbing region made of light absorbent material filling a gap between the light transmitting regions, the light absorbing region restricting a light beam direction of light passing through the substrate, the light absorbing region extends in first and second directions that form a right angle to each other in a substrate plane. The light beam direction control element further has: a crossing portion where the light absorbing region extending in the first direction and the light absorbing region extending in the second direction cross each other to form an L or T shape; and at least one structure dividing the light absorbing region, located on a region which is other than the crossing portion and where the light absorbing region extends in the first or second directions.

Abstract: A thin-film device includes a resin film which includes a first surface and a second surface facing the first surface, a first inorganic layer on the first surface, a thin-film element on the first inorganic layer, and a second inorganic layer on the second surface, wherein a film density of the second inorganic layer is greater than a film density of the first inorganic layer.

Abstract: It is possible to manufacture a large-size, high-accuracy organic EL display using a plastic substrate and an organic EL display using a roll-shaped long plastic substrate. The organic EL display includes an organic EL device A having at least a lower electrode 300, an organic layer including at least a light emitting layer, and an upper electrode 305 and a thin film transistor B on a transparent plastic substrate 100, a source electrode or drain electrode of the thin film transistor B is connected to the lower electrode 300, the plastic substrate 100 has a gas barrier layer 101a, the thin film transistor B is formed on the gas barrier layer 101a, the thin film transistor B includes an active layer 203 containing a non-metallic element which a mixture of oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) and has a ratio of N to O (N number density/O number density) from 0 to 2, and the organic EL device A is formed at least on the gas barrier layer 101a or one the thin film transistor B.

Abstract: It is possible to manufacture a large-size, high-accuracy organic EL display using a plastic substrate and an organic EL display using a roll-shaped long plastic substrate. The organic EL display includes an organic EL device A having at least a lower electrode 300, an organic layer including at least a light emitting layer, and an upper electrode 305 and a thin film transistor B on a transparent plastic substrate 100, a source electrode or drain electrode of the thin film transistor B is connected to the lower electrode 300, the plastic substrate 100 has a gas barrier layer 101a, the thin film transistor B is formed on the gas barrier layer 101a, the thin film transistor B includes an active layer 203 containing a non-metallic element which a mixture of oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) and has a ratio of N to O (N number density/O number density) from 0 to 2, and the organic EL device A is formed at least on the gas barrier layer 101a or one the thin film transistor B.

Abstract: It is possible to prevent a decrease in contrast due to external light reflection and to implement a small-size, thin apparatus. The liquid crystal display is configured by interposing alignment films and liquid crystal between a first substrate and a second substrate and adhering the first and second substrates through a gap retaining member and a sealant, wherein the first substrate is a substrate where a light blocking layer, a coloration layer, and a common electrode layer are formed on a plastic film substrate, wherein the second substrate is a substrate where a glass substrate where an active device is formed in advance adhered on a plastic film substrate, and wherein a barrier film is formed on one surface or two surfaces of at least one of the plastic film substrates.

Abstract: The present invention is predicated, in part, on the functional characterisation of membrane bound proteins that contribute to cation flux across biological membranes. In accordance with the present invention, it has been determined that at least some PQ-loop repeat polypeptides contribute to cation flux across biological membranes.

Abstract: A semi-transmissive-type liquid crystal display device is provided which is capable of preventing an electric erosion reaction between a reflective film made of Al (aluminum) or an Al alloy and a transparent electrode film made of ITO or a like (Indium Tin Oxide) and of inhibiting occurrence of a flicker caused by a residual DC (Direct Current) voltage in the reflective film. In the semi-transmissive-type of a liquid crystal display device, a transmissive region to provide light from a backlight source and a reflective region to receive ambient light are placed in a pixel region and a transparent electrode film is formed above a reflective film formed in the reflective region on an active matrix substrate with a second passivation film being interposed between the reflective film and the transparent electrode film.

Abstract: A color filter includes a transparent support, a first color layer formed on the support, which includes stripe-shaped first color pixel formation sections and second-and-third color pixel windows arranged at predetermined intervals along a first direction, respectively, a second color layer formed to overlap with the first color layer, in which the second color layer having stripe-shaped second color pixel formation sections and first-and-third color pixel windows arranged at predetermined intervals along the first direction, respectively, and a third color layer having island-shaped third color pixel formation sections apart from each other.

Abstract: A semi-transmissive-type liquid crystal display device is provided which is capable of preventing an electric erosion reaction between a reflective film made of Al (aluminum) or an Al alloy and a transparent electrode film made of ITO or a like (Indium Tin Oxide) and of inhibiting occurrence of a flicker caused by a residual DC (Direct Current) voltage in the reflective film. In the semi-transmissive-type of a liquid crystal display device, a transmissive region to provide light from a backlight source and a reflective region to receive ambient light are placed in a pixel region and a transparent electrode film is formed above a reflective film formed in the reflective region on an active matrix substrate with a second passivation film being interposed between the reflective film and the transparent electrode film.

Abstract: A semi-transmissive-type liquid crystal display device is provided which is capable of preventing an electric erosion reaction between a reflective film made of Al (aluminum) or an Al alloy and a transparent electrode film made of ITO or a like (Indium Tin Oxide) and of inhibiting occurrence of a flicker caused by a residual DC (Direct Current) voltage in the reflective film. In the semi-transmissive-type of a liquid crystal display device, a transmissive region to provide light from a backlight source and a reflective region to receive ambient light are placed in a pixel region and a transparent electrode film is formed above a reflective film formed in the reflective region on an active matrix substrate with a second passivation film being interposed between the reflective film and the transparent electrode film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having a wide viewing angle and easily manufactured. The liquid crystal display comprises an upper substrate and a lower substrate, and a liquid crystal material disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate. The liquid crystal display has a conductive protrusion disposed on the surface of the upper substrate opposing to the lower substrate. The conductive protrusion is disposed over a scanning electrode line or a signal electrode line and has the same potential as that of the upper electrode. As another structure, each of pixel electrodes on the lower substrate has a smaller area than that of a common electrode on the upper substrate and is covered by the common electrode, and each of the pixel electrodes comprises an electrode portion having approximately symmetrical shape.

Abstract: A color filter includes a transparent support, a first color layer formed on the support, which includes stripe-shaped first color pixel formation sections and second-and-third color pixel windows arranged at predetermined intervals along a first direction, respectively, a second color layer formed to overlap with the first color layer, in which the second color layer having stripe-shaped second color pixel formation sections and first-and-third color pixel windows arranged at predetermined intervals along the first direction, respectively, and a third color layer having island-shaped third color pixel formation sections apart from each other.

Abstract: A color filter having two-layered light-shielding sections without a black matrix is provided, which reduces the level difference from the colored materials for pixels with a simple method and makes it possible to remove the color layer on the said sections. A red color layer having stripe-shaped red pixel formation sections and a blue color layer having stripe-shaped blue pixel formation sections are overlapped to form two-layered light-shielding sections. A green color layer having island-shaped green pixel formation sections is overlapped with the red and blue color layers, placing the green pixel formation sections in the overlapped green pixel windows of the red and blue color layers. Only the peripheries of the green pixel formation sections are placed on the light-shielding sections to facilitate the removal of the peripheries by polishing.

Abstract: A color filter having two-layered light-shielding sections without a black matrix is provided, which reduces the level difference from the colored materials for pixels with a simple method and makes it possible to remove the color layer on the said sections. A red color layer having stripe-shaped red pixel formation sections and a blue color layer having stripe-shaped blue pixel formation sections are overlapped to form two-layered light-shielding sections. A green color layer having island-shaped green pixel formation sections is overlapped with the red and blue color layers, placing the green pixel formation sections in the overlapped green pixel windows of the red and blue color layers. Only the peripheries of the green pixel formation sections are placed on the light-shielding sections to facilitate the removal of the peripheries by polishing.