Abstract: A method for synthesizing metal nanoparticles can include combining a metallic nitrate with an extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to form the metal nanoparticles. The method can include adding an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to form silver nanoparticles. The method can include dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) in an extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to provide a zinc nitrate extract solution, stirring the zinc nitrate extract solution, and adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the zinc nitrate extract solution to form zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract: A bio buckypaper synthesized with fish scales may be manufactured by mixing carrageenan with a bio waste solution to provide a first mixture, adding carbon nanotubes to the first mixture produce a second mixture, sonicating the second mixture, and evaporative-casting the second mixture to produce the bio buckypaper. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be ?-carrageenan. In an embodiment, the carbon nanotubes may be single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In an embodiment, the bio waste solution may be derived from fish scales.

Abstract: The watermelon seed nanoparticles may be synthesized by dissolving powdered watermelon seeds in a solvent to produce a first mixture, adding the first mixture dropwise to boiling water under ultrasonic conditions to produce a second mixture, sonicating the second mixture and drying the second mixture to produce watermelon seed nanoparticles. In an embodiment, the watermelon seeds may be Citrullus lanatus seeds. In an embodiment, the watermelon seed nanoparticles may be included in a pharmaceutical composition, such as an antimicrobial or anti-cancer composition.

Abstract: The methanol extract of grape seed nanoparticles is prepared from grape seeds washed in distilled water and oven-dried at 60° C. for 12 hours. The seeds are milled or ground to a powder and sieved to a maximum size of 0.355 mm. The powder is added to concentrated HCl and stirred at 3000 rpm at 30° C. for one hour, and then distilled water is added with stirring for an additional 2 hours. The mixture is filtered, and the marc is dried to recover grape seed nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are added to methanol at the rate of 100 mg/ml, left in a shaker for 24 hours at room temperature, centrifuged, filtered, and the resulting extract (the supernatant) is recovered. Agar well diffusion testing showed that the nanoparticle extract exhibited greater antibacterial activity than a methanol extract of grape seeds alone, and testing showed greater antioxidant levels in the nanoparticle extract as well.

Abstract: A method of fabricating probiotics nanowhiskers using cheese comprises cutting and grinding cheese to produce cheese powder; mixing the cheese powder with sulfuric acid to produce a solution; stirring the solution to produce a stirred solution; and filtering the stirred solution to produce the probiotics nanowhiskers. The fabricated probiotics nanowhiskers possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. The probiotics nanowhiskers may reduce cadmium concentration in a patient's liver. The probiotics nanowhiskers may also ameliorate the oxidative stress assessed as a decrease in the serum MDA levels in a patient.

Abstract: The black eggplant skin antioxidant nanoparticles may be manufactured by extracting black eggplant skins in a solvent, spraying the black eggplant skin extracts into boiling water under ultrasonic conditions to produce a first mixture, sonicating the mixture, stirring the mixture, and drying the mixture to obtain black eggplant skin antioxidant nanoparticles. In an embodiment, the black eggplant skin may be skin of Solanum melongena. In an embodiment, the black eggplant skin nanoparticles may have improved antibacterial or antioxidant properties.

Abstract: The synthesis of ursolic acid nanoparticles includes dissolving ursolic acid powder in methanol, boiling water for five minutes, and adding the methanol solution to the boiled water dropwise at a flow rate of 0.1-0.3 ml/min under ultrasonic conditions. After sonication for 20 minutes, the contents are stirred for about 15 minutes, and then dried. Particle size distribution studies and TEM micrographs confirm the resulting product comprises nanoparticles. In vitro testing confirms the ursolic acid nanoparticles exhibit greater anticancer activity than conventional-size particles, and that the nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial effect against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, as well as fungi.

Abstract: The mustard seed nanoparticles may be synthesized by washing mustard seeds, drying and crushing the washed mustard seeds, extracting the crushed mustard seeds to produce a mustard seed extract, spraying the mustard seed extract into boiling water, sonicating the mustard seed extract and boiling water mixture, and centrifuging the mustard seed extract and boiling water mixture to obtain mustard seed nanoparticles. The mustard seed nanoparticles may be used in a pharmaceutical composition.

Abstract: A method of producing silica nanoparticles using sand can include mixing white sand with H2SO4 and H3PO4 to form a mixture. The mixture can be stirred in an ice bath. KMnO4 can then be added to the mixture while maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 5° C. The resulting suspension can be reacted for about 3 hours to about 5 hours on ice. The suspension is stirred in an ice bath and then maintained in a water bath at a temperature of 40° C. for about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes. Afterwards, the temperature is adjusted to and maintained at 98° C. for another period of about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes while adding water. H2O2 can be added to the suspension after adding the water to produce a reaction product with a precipitate. The reaction product can then be dried and calcinated to provide the silica nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of preparing probiotic nanoparticles can include dissolving formulated probiotics in methanol, spraying the methanol solution into boiling water under ultrasonic conditions to provide a sonicated solution, and stirring the sonicated solution to obtain probiotic nanoparticles. The probiotic nanoparticles may be cluster or rod-shaped. The probiotic nanoparticles may be administered to a subject to reduce oxidative stress or to treat diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles includes preparing a liquid extract of Cymbopogon proximus, dissolving zinc salt in the liquid extract to provide an extract with zinc salt, adding a base to the extract with zinc salt to form a precipitate including zinc oxide nanoparticles. The method overcomes the drawbacks associated with prior chemical methods of synthesizing nanoparticles, while providing increased yield of the nanoparticles.

Abstract: Synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) includes mixing Cymbopogon proximis (Maharayb) grass extract with Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP). The synthesis is simple and occurs at a rapid rate. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles can be effective in degrading Rhodamine B dye under UV light irradiation. Accordingly, the TiO2 nanoparticles can be useful in purifying drinking water.

Abstract: In one embodiment, synthesis of Nuxia oppositifolia nanoparticles includes providing a Nuxia oppositifolia powder; dissolving the powder in a first alcohol to provide a first alcohol extract; concentrating a filtrate from the first alcohol extract under reduced pressure to provide a dried alcohol extract; dissolving the dried alcohol extract in the first alcohol to provide a second alcohol extract; successively partitioning the second alcohol extract using n-hexane to provide an n-hexane extract; dissolving the n-hexane extract in a second alcohol and water to provide a first solution; and adding an acidic solution to the first solution to form a final solution including Nuxia oppositifolia nanoparticles.

Abstract: The guava seed (Psidium guajava) nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent are prepared from guava seeds that have been washed, dried, and ground to powder of less than 1 mm diameter. The powder is reduced to nanoparticle size (less than 100 nm diameter) by adding the powder to a solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid (38% w/w) and stirring the mixture at 3000 rpm at room temperature. The resulting nanoparticles are filtered through a Millipore membrane filter and dried. Agar well diffusion studies showed significant antibacterial activity against various Gram positive and negative species commonly implicated in food contamination. Further testing showed the guava seed nanoparticles have significant antioxidant and radical scavenging content, suggesting that guava seed nanoparticles may serve as an antibacterial agent.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing 3-oxolupenal nanoparticles including isolating 3-oxolupenal from a fraction of Nuxia oppositifolia plant, reducing the 3-oxolupenal to obtain a powder of 3-oxolupenal, dissolving the powder of 3-oxolupenal in methanol to form a first solution, adding the first solution to boiling water to form a second solution, sonicating the second solution, and freeze-drying after sonication to obtain the synthesized 3-oxolupenal nanoparticles. The synthesized 3-oxolupenal nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxic effects and antimicrobial effects.

Abstract: Doum nanoparticles can be synthesized by drying Doum fruit, reducing the dried Doum fruit to a powder or flour, and subjecting the powder to acid hydrolysis or alcohol hydrolysis to provide Doum nanoparticles. The Doum nanoparticles can be used as a food preservative. When compared to bulk Doum particles, the Doum nanoparticles can provide substantially increased antibacterial activity.

Abstract: The synthesis of a silver-PMMA nanocomposite film includes mixing an aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (also known as Helba and fenugreek) seeds with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, thereby reducing the silver ions to silver metal nanoparticles. A solution of the silver nanoparticles is added to a solution of PMMA [poly (methyl methacrylate)] in N?N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with stirring at 90° C. A light brown solution of silver colloids develops, which is cast in a glass plate and the DMF is evaporated at room temperature, leaving a silver-PMMA nanocomposite film. Testing on water shows the silver-PMMA nanocomposite film prevents or inhibits growth of microbes, suggesting use as an antimicrobial or antibacterial agent, e.g., in water purification.

Abstract: Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Origanum majorana (O. majorana) herbal extracts may be achieved by mixing Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) with O. majorana extracts. The O. majorana herbal extracts may be extracts obtained using boiled water. The TTIP may be mixed with the O. majorana extract at a ratio of 2:1. The resulting paste may be heated and pounded into a powder. The powder may then be calcinated in a muffle furnace, producing O. majorana titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The O. majorana titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be efficient photocatalysts.

Abstract: The synthesis of a silver-PMMA nanocomposite film using herbal extract includes mixing an aqueous extract of Aristolochia bracteolate buds with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, thereby reducing the silver ions to silver metal nanoparticles. A solution of the silver nanoparticles is added to a solution of PMMA [poly (methyl methacrylate)] in N?N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with stirring at 80° C. A brown solution of silver colloids develops, which is cast in a glass plate and the DMF is evaporated at room temperature, leaving a silver-PMMA nanocomposite film. Testing on water shows the silver-PMMA nanocomposite film prevents or inhibits growth of microbes, suggesting use as an antimicrobial or antibacterial agent, e.g., in water purification. In addition, testing by disc diffusion against E. coli and Bacillus cereus showed zones of inhibition, also suggesting use as an antimicrobial or antibacterial agent.

Abstract: The synthesis of katononic acid nanosheets is a method of extraction of katononic acid from the n-hexane fraction of Nuxia oppositifolia. The katononic acid isolated from N. oppositifolia may be suspended in methanol and added dropwise to boiling water, sonicated, stirred, and freeze dried to form katononic acid nanosheets. These katononic acid nanosheets may be used to kill cancer cells or microorganisms.