Abstract: A method and apparatus convert carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials. Carbon dioxide is isolated from flue gas emitted by a combustion system. An electropositive metal is burned in an atmosphere of isolated carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials.

Abstract: A method recovers an electropositive metal from a metal carbonate. In the method, hydrogen and halogen are combusted to form hydrogen halide. The solid metal carbonate is converted into metal chloride by a gaseous hydrogen halide. In an electrolysis, the metal chloride is decomposed into metal and halogen. The halogen produced in the electrolysis is led out of the electrolysis for combusting. Preferably, the hydrogen halide is produced by combusting the hydrogen and the halogen and the metal carbonate is converted into metal chloride in a fluidized bed reactor. Preferably, lithium is used as the metal.

Abstract: A method for treating a carbon dioxide-containing waste gas from an electrofusion process, in which a hydrocarbon-containing gas is fed to a waste gas and the carbon dioxide in the waste gas is converted at least partially into carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a reaction and the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture is stored for an additional combustion process.

Abstract: At least one heat pipe for removing heat is led into a reactor housing of a fluidized bed reactor, so that the temperature in the reactor housing can be controlled.

Abstract: A desulphurization and decarbonisation apparatus includes (a) a starter for starting a reaction between an electropositive metal and sulphur oxides and carbon dioxide of a flue gas; (b) a first reaction chamber with a cooling unit for reducing the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of the flue gas in an exothermic reaction with the electropositive metal; (c) a second reaction chamber for generating a first suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and sulphur containing reaction products by extracting solid reaction products of the first reaction chamber in a solvent; (d) a third reaction chamber for oxidizing the first suspension to generate a second suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and oxidized sulphur containing reaction products; and (e) a separator for separating the oxidized sulphur containing reaction products from the suspended carbon containing reaction products.

Abstract: A desulphurization and decarbonisation apparatus includes (a) a starter for starting a reaction between an electropositive metal and sulphur oxides and carbon dioxide of a flue gas; (b) a first reaction chamber with a cooling unit for reducing the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of the flue gas in an exothermic reaction with the electropositive metal; (c) a second reaction chamber for generating a first suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and sulphur containing reaction products by extracting solid reaction products of the first reaction chamber in a solvent; (d) a third reaction chamber for oxidizing the first suspension to generate a second suspension including suspended carbon containing reaction products and oxidized sulphur containing reaction products; and (e) a separator for separating the oxidized sulphur containing reaction products from the suspended carbon containing reaction products.

Abstract: A method for performing an energy efficient desulphurization and decarbonization of a flue gas comprising sulphur oxides and carbon dioxide includes (a) starting a reaction between an electropositive metal and the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of said flue gas; (b) reducing the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of said flue gas simultaneously in an exothermic reaction with an electropositive metal and thereby generating reduced gaseous carbon products and solid reaction products while cooling; (c) extracting the solid reaction products of the reducing step (a) in a solvent to generate a first suspension comprising suspended carbon containing reaction products and sulphur containing reaction products; (d) oxidizing the first suspension obtained in step (b) to generate a second suspension comprising suspended carbon containing reaction products and oxidized sulphur containing reaction products; and (e) separating the oxidized sulphur containing reaction products from the suspended carbon containing

Abstract: A method reduces carbon dioxide resulting from a steel production process. The carbon dioxide is reacted with an electropositive metal in combustion to produce carbon monoxide. The resultant carbon monoxide is fed back into the steel production process. In this method, the carbon monoxide can be used in a direct reduction method as a reduction gas or can be fed to a blast furnace process. The reacted metal can also be recovered by electrochemical conversion from its oxides or salts. In particular, a form of regenerative energy can be used to recycle the electropositive metal.

Abstract: A method for treating a carbon dioxide-containing waste gas from an eletrofusion process, in which a hydrocarbon-containing gas is fed to a waste gas and the carbon dioxide in the waste gas is converted at least partially into carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a reaction and the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture is stored for an additional combustion process.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon-containing gas is guided to waste gas containing carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide is at least partially converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen when reacted with the hydrocarbon. The waste gas is used with the carbon monoxide hydrogen mixture for an additional combustion process.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, with simultaneous removal of one or more products, is described. The method includes the following steps: in a first reactor, carbon monoxide from the gas phase is bound in a first solvent and converted into formate, in a third reactor, formate is decomposed and resultant hydrogen H2 is removed, and in a second reactor a solid which is a hydrogen-carbonate salt or a carbonate salt is removed. The thermal decomposition of the solid and the expulsion of the carbon dioxide are carried out in an additional fourth reactor, optionally in a second solvent. Further presented is an apparatus for converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, including a fourth reactor which thermally decomposes solids formed in the course of the reaction, and gives off carbon dioxide.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out a carbon monoxide shift reaction, which includes converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, the converting proceeding in a liquid phase with removal of a product gas including carbon dioxide and hydrogen, is provided. The apparatus includes dry methanol, as a first solvent in a first region for an absorption of carbon monoxide with simultaneous formation of methyl formate, and water, as a second solvent in a second region for a liberation of the product gas in order to avoid losses of hydrogen in a carbon dioxide region.

Abstract: A method for performing an energy efficient desulphurization and decarbonisation of a flue gas comprising sulphur oxides and carbon dioxide includes (a) starting a reaction between an electropositive metal and the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of said flue gas; (b) reducing the sulphur oxides and the carbon dioxide of said flue gas simultaneously in an exothermic reaction with an electropositive metal and thereby generating reduced gaseous carbon products and solid reaction products while cooling; (c) extracting the solid reaction products of the reducing step (a) in a solvent to generate a first suspension comprising suspended carbon containing reaction products and sulphur containing reaction products; (d) oxidizing the first suspension obtained in step (b) to generate a second suspension comprising suspended carbon containing reaction products and oxidized sulphur containing reaction products; and (e) separating the oxidized sulphur containing reaction products from the suspended carbon containing

Abstract: A process for carrying out a carbon monoxide shift reaction is provided. In the implementation of the carbon monoxide shift reaction, including the conversion of carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, this conversion takes place in the liquid phase and involves separation of the product gases carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen, where as a first solvent dry methanol is used, for the absorption of carbon monoxide with simultaneous formation of a methyl formate, as a second solvent, in the area of release of the product gases, water is used, for avoiding hydrogen losses in a carbon dioxide area.

Abstract: A method and apparatus convert carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials. Carbon dioxide is isolated from flue gas emitted by a combustion system. An electropositive metal is burned in an atmosphere of isolated carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide into chemical starting materials.

Abstract: A method is provided for separating a cleaned useful gas from a gas mixture substantially containing carbon dioxide, at least one useful gas, and at least one hazardous substance. The carbon dioxide is condensed, and the liquid carbon dioxide that is enriched with the hazardous substance is separated from the useful gas. The hazardous material is then separated from the liquid carbon dioxide by adsorption, and one part of the cleaned liquid carbon dioxide is fed into the useful gas to absorb hazardous substances still contained in the useful gas.

Abstract: A process for removing harmful substances from a gas steam which includes carbon dioxide and substances of value, such as at least one of the gases hydrogen H2 carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen N2 or noble gases, and harmful substances such as a substance from the group of mercury, sulphur, mercury compounds or sulphur compounds, wherein a carbon dioxide condensation is performed in order to obtain liquid carbon dioxide, adsorptive removal of the harmful substances from the condensed carbon dioxide is performed to remove the harmful substances from the carbon dioxide. A process temperature of less than ?30° C. but great than ?70° C. is maintained.

Abstract: A method for converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, with simultaneous removal of one or more products, is described. The method includes the following steps: in a first reactor, carbon monoxide from the gas phase is bound in a first solvent and converted into formate, in a third reactor, formate is decomposed and resultant hydrogen H2 is removed, and in a second reactor a solid which is a hydrogen-carbonate salt or a carbonate salt is removed. The thermal decomposition of the solid and the expulsion of the carbon dioxide are carried out in an additional fourth reactor, optionally in a second solvent. Further presented is an apparatus for converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, including a fourth reactor which thermally decomposes solids formed in the course of the reaction, and gives off carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A process for carrying out a carbon monoxide shift reaction is provided. In the implementation of the carbon monoxide shift reaction, including the conversion of carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, this conversion takes place in the liquid phase and involves separation of the product gases carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen, where as a first solvent dry methanol is used, for the absorption of carbon monoxide with simultaneous formation of a methyl formate, as a second solvent, in the area of release of the product gases, water is used, for avoiding hydrogen losses in a carbon dioxide area.

Abstract: In a method for determining the alcohol concentration in the alcohol/water mixture of fuel cells that are operated with this mixture, in particular for direct methanol fuel cells, the alcohol/water mixture is pumped through a constriction. The differential pressure between the entry to and exit from the constriction and, if appropriate, the flow velocity of the mixture through the constriction are measured, and the alcohol concentration is determined therefrom.