Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, a memory device is disclosed to include memory organized into blocks, each block having a status associated therewith and all of the blocks of the nonvolatile memory having collectively a capacity status associated therewith and a display for showing the capacity status even when no power is being applied to the display.

Abstract: The method is for the improved oxygen delignification of cellulose pulp with a medium consistency of 8-16%. The fraction of dissolved oxygen can be maintained at a high level throughout the process by the use of high pressure, greater than 15.0 bar, and by repeated agitative mixing while maintaining the high pressure, such that as large a fraction as just over 20% of the total oxygen added is dissolved in the fluid phase, and such that the amount of oxygen in the fluid phase is maintained at a high level throughout the complete high pressure section. By the establishment of retention times between the remixing operations with successively increasing retention times, while retaining a high pressure, an optimal adaptation of the remixing is obtained at the time at which a certain fraction of the oxygen dissolved in the fluid phase has been consumed.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory system includes nonvolatile memory organized into blocks, one or more of which are designated as spare blocks and one or more of which may be defective at the time of manufacturing of the nonvolatile memory. A controller device is coupled to the nonvolatile memory for measuring the health status of the nonvolatile memory by determining the number of growing defects on an on-going basis.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory system includes nonvolatile memory organized into blocks, one or more of which are designated as spare blocks and one or more of which may be defective at the time of manufacturing of the nonvolatile memory. A controller device is coupled to the nonvolatile memory for measuring the health status of the nonvolatile memory by determining the number of growing defects on an on-going basis.

Abstract: The method is for the improved oxygen delignification of cellulose pulp with a medium consistency of 8-16%. The fraction of dissolved oxygen can be maintained at a high level throughout the process by the use of high pressure, greater than 15.0 bar, and by repeated agitative mixing while maintaining the high pressure. A fraction just over 20% of the total oxygen added is dissolved in the fluid phase such that the amount of oxygen in the fluid phase is maintained at a high level throughout the complete high-pressure section. This means that the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the fluid phase and that penetrates the cellulose fibers can be maintained at an optimal high level throughout the process for improved delignification of the cellulose.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for alkaline oxygen delignification of cellulose pulp. By adding alkali in the final phase of the oxygen delignification one can ensure that an optimal predetermined end-pH is obtained. This provides advantages in the subsequent bleaching since the bleachability is substantially improved in the form of reduced need for bleaching chemicals.

Abstract: The system is for the oxygen delignification, in at least two reaction stages, of pulp that consists of lignocellulose-containing material having a mean concentration of 8-18% pulp consistency. The system has a first pump followed by a first oxygen mixer that is followed by a first delignification zone. The first delignification zone is followed by a second steam mixer that is followed by a second pump that is followed by a third oxygen mixer and a second delignification zone.

Abstract: The method is for bleaching cellulose pulp having an MC consistency in a first step with chlorine dioxide in a bleaching sequence with several bleaching steps. The pulp is bleached in this first chlorine dioxide step in a first phase at a lower temperature of 60±10° C. during a retention time of from 30 seconds to 30 minutes, after which the pulp is heated by at least 10° C. to a reaction temperature of 90±10° C. for a second phase, which has a retention time of 60-200 minutes, With this process modification of a first chlorine dioxide step, an efficient destruction of undesired organic acids is obtained, while at the same time improved viscosity/strength of the pulp can be obtained of the finally bleached pulp with a whiteness of approximately 90% ISO.

Abstract: Method for enabling the paper pulp production process to be controlled in such a way that the hexenuronic acid content in the pulp can be minimized and the color reversion of the pulp and/or the pulp products thereby minimized. The method is based on measurements of the optical properties of a fiber containing substance or process stream in the wavelength region 232±5 nm and another wavelength interval. A significant value for the current hexenuronic acid content is formed by correcting the intensity in the spectrum around 232 nm by the corresponding optical quantity at the other wavelength interval. The content of the hexenuronic acid content that is determined by the analysis is then used for controlling conditions in the process stage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for alkaline oxygen delignification of cellulose pulp. By adding alkali in the final phase of the oxygen delignification one can ensure that an optimal predetermined end-pH is obtained. This provides advantages in the subsequent bleaching since the bleachability is substantially improved in the form of reduced need for bleaching chemicals.

Abstract: A reduction in AOX levels is obtained when the process conditions in the chlorine dioxide stage are elevated to above 91° C. and extended to more than 90 minutes. A major reduction of AOX up to 50% has been shown without a corresponding increase in OCl. The chlorinated substances is degraded by the process conditions to harmless chloride ions, instead of being liberated into the effluent as AOX or bound to pulp as OCl. No oxygen gas or nitrogen gas are added during the first or any subsequent chlorine dioxide bleaching stage.

Abstract: A system and process for the oxygen delignification of pulp consisting of a lignocellulose-containing material that has a mean concentration of 8-18% pulp consistency. The oxygen delignification takes place in a first stage with a short dwell time of about 3-6 minutes, at a low temperature of about 85° C. and under a low pressure of approximately 0-4 bar. A concluding stage has a longer dwell time of about 50-90 minutes, at a higher temperature of approximately 100° C. and under a higher pressure of about 8-10 bar.

Abstract: The system is for the oxygen delignification, in at least two reaction stages, of pulp that consists of lignocellulose-containing material having a mean concentration of 8%-18% pulp consistency. The oxygen delignification takes place in a first reaction stage that has a substantially constant low pressure during the whole delignification process. The second delignification stage has a substantially higher pressure and temperature and a longer dwell time. Readily delignifiable constituents in the pulp may react without the pulp being negatively affected so that the delignification process provides a very high degree of selectivity and an improved yield.

Abstract: Method for enabling the paper pulp production process to be controlled in such a way that the hexenuronic acid content in the pulp can be minimized and the colour reversion of the pulp and/or the pulp products thereby minimized. The method is based on measurements of the optical properties of a fibre-containing substance or process stream in the wave length region 232±5 nm and another wavelength interval. A significant value for the current hexenuronic acid content is formed by correcting the intensity in the spectrum around 232 by the corresponding optical quantity at the other wavelength interval. The content of the hexenuronic acid content which is determined by the analysis is then used for controlling conditions in the process stage.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement in bleaching of kraft pulp. In ECF bleaching chlorine dioxide is most often a prefered bleaching chemical in certain process positions. The disadvantage is that residual amounts of organically bound chlorine in form of AOX, i.e organically bound chlorine in effluents, and/or OCl, i.e. chlorine organically bound in the produced pulp, is obtained. A normal approach has been to reduce charges of chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and a process for the oxygen delignification of pulp consisting of a lignocellulose-containing material that has a mean concentration of 8-18% pulp consistency. The oxygen delignification takes place in a first stage with a short dwell time of about 3-6 minutes, at a low temperature of about 85° C. and under a low pressure of approximately 0-4 bar. A concluding stage has a longer dwell time of about 50-90 minutes, at a higher temperature of approximately 100° C. and under a higher pressure of about 8-10 bar.

Abstract: A system and a process for the oxygen delignification of pulp consisting of lignocellulose-containing material whose mean concentration is 8-18% pulp consistency, in at least two stages. The invention is characterized in that the oxygen delignification takes place in a first stage with a short dwell time of approx. 3-6 minutes, at a low temperature of approx. 85° C. and under a low pressure of approx. 0-4 bar, followed by a concluding stage with a longer dwell time of approx. 50-90 minutes, at a higher temperature of approx. 100° C. and under a higher pressure of approx. 8-10 bar. This makes it possible, in an industrial process, to exploit the kinetics of the oxygen delignification in an optimal manner for the purpose of obtaining a selective oxygen delignification at low installation cost and at low operating cost.