Abstract: An element includes a first resin layer and a second resin layer disposed between a first glass lens substrate and a second glass lens substrate, a boundary surface between the first resin layer and the second resin layer having a diffraction grating shape including a plurality of inclined surfaces and wall surfaces. The second resin layer is composed of a fluororesin in which fine metal oxide particles are dispersed. Since a refractive index distribution easily occurs in this material during curing by application of ultraviolet light, by applying ultraviolet light substantially perpendicular to the inclined surfaces of the diffraction grating shape, a refractive index distribution is formed in the thickness direction perpendicularly to the inclined surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microorganism control agent containing not less than 1% by weight but less than 10% by weight of N,N?-hexamethylenebis(4-carbamoyl-1-decylpyridinium bromide), not less than 35% by weight but less than 60% by weight of at least one alcohol having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, water and an acid.

Abstract: A lighting device for a vehicle is provided. The lighting device includes a projection lens disposed on an optical axis and having a focal line, a first light emitting device disposed on a rear side of the focal line, a reflector which reflects light toward the focal line; a shade which shields a part of the light; a second light emitting device disposed on a rear side of the first light emitting device; and a light guide. The light guide includes an incident portion into which light emitted from the second light emitting device is introduced, a light guiding portion which guides the light, a shielding portion which forms a part of the shade, and an emitting portion coupled to the shielding portion and disposed on the focal line or in a vicinity of the focal line. The emitting portion emits the light guided by the light guiding portion.

Abstract: A first LED unit, a first reflector, a second LED unit, a second reflector, and a light source mount which supports the first LED unit and the second LED unit are provided in a light chamber. The first reflector is formed integrally with a projection lens and forwardly reflects direct light outputted from a first LED to the central axis of the lens. The second reflector is formed integrally with the projection lens and forwardly reflects direct light outputted from a second LED. The light source mount has a fixing portion adapted to perform the positioning of the projection lens, the first reflector and the second reflector, which are formed integrally with a connecting member, in the direction of the central axis of the lens. The light source mount also has a positioning projection and positioning recesses, which are adapted to perform the positioning of the projection lens, the first reflector and the second reflector in a direction perpendicular to the central axis.

Abstract: A first electrode film containing TiAlN and a main dielectric film containing tantalum oxide are formed over a semiconductor substrate. Anneal is performed in the state that the first electrode film and the main dielectric film are formed, to react aluminum (Al) in the first electrode film with oxygen (O) in the main dielectric film and form a subsidiary dielectric film containing aluminum oxide at an interface between the first electrode film and the main dielectric film. A second electrode film is formed facing the first electrode film via the main dielectric film and the subsidiary dielectric film.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device. The method includes the steps of forming a first interlayer insulating film over a silicon substrate; forming a first conductive film on the first interlayer insulating film; forming a first ferroelectric film, which is crystallized, on the first conductive film; annealing the first ferroelectric film; after the annealing, forming, on the first ferroelectric film, a second ferroelectric film made of an amorphous material or a microcrystalline material; forming a second conductive film on the second ferroelectric film; and forming a capacitor by patterning the first and second conductive films and the first and second ferroelectric films.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device. The method includes the steps of forming a first interlayer insulating film over a silicon substrate; forming a first conductive film on the first interlayer insulating film; forming a first ferroelectric film, which is crystallized, on the first conductive film; annealing the first ferroelectric film; after the annealing, forming, on the first ferroelectric film, a second ferroelectric film made of an amorphous material or a microcrystalline material; forming a second conductive film on the second ferroelectric film; and forming a capacitor by patterning the first and second conductive films and the first and second ferroelectric films.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a diffraction optical element, according to the present invention, includes the steps of: supplying a photocurable resin onto a surface of a light-transmitting molding die in which a grating pattern is formed on the surface; irradiating the photocurable resin with light having a first wavelength through the molding die so as to cure a part of the photocurable resin; irradiating the photocurable resin with light having a second wavelength, which is longer than the firs wavelength, through the molding die so as to cure at least a part of the photocurable resin; and removing the cured resin from the molding die.

Abstract: A first LED unit, a first reflector, a second LED unit, a second reflector, and a light source mount which supports the first LED unit and the second LED unit are provided in a light chamber. The first reflector is formed integrally with a projection lens and forwardly reflects direct light outputted from a first LED to the central axis of the lens. The second reflector is formed integrally with the projection lens and forwardly reflects direct light outputted from a second LED. The light source mount has a fixing portion adapted to perform the positioning of the projection lens, the first reflector and the second reflector, which are formed integrally with a connecting member, in the direction of the central axis of the lens. The light source mount also has a positioning projection and positioning recesses, which are adapted to perform the positioning of the projection lens, the first reflector and the second reflector in a direction perpendicular to the central axis.

Abstract: In a diffraction optical element in which a plurality of diffraction gratings are laminated and the maximum difference of length among optical paths of light passing through the plurality of diffraction gratins is integer multiples of a plurality of wavelengths, diffraction efficiency is further improved and even when an environmental condition changes, a deviation of the diffraction efficiency is reduced. More specifically, a diffraction optical element is disclosed which includes, as the plurality of diffraction gratings, a first diffraction grating made of a resin material, in which inorganic fine particles are dispersed, and a second diffraction grating made of a material whose organic matter composition is substantially same as that of the resin material.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for fabricating a semiconductor device having a memory employing a ferroelectric capacitor in which the orientation of the ferroelectric film is controlled. The method for fabricating the semiconductor device includes a first film deposition process for forming a first ferroelectric layer, and a second film deposition process for forming a second ferroelectric layer on the first ferroelectric layer. The film deposition temperature of the first film deposition process is set to at least 600° C.

Abstract: In a diffraction optical element in which a plurality of diffraction gratings are laminated and the maximum difference of length among optical paths of light passing through the plurality of diffraction gratins is integer multiples of a plurality of wavelengths, diffraction efficiency is further improved and even when an environmental condition changes, a deviation of the diffraction efficiency is reduced. More specifically, a diffraction optical element is disclosed which includes, as the plurality of diffraction gratings, a first diffraction grating made of a resin material, in which inorganic fine particles are dispersed, and a second diffraction grating made of a material whose organic matter composition is substantially same as that of the resin material.

Abstract: A diffractive optical element having plural diffraction grating surfaces accumulated, wherein a pair of diffraction grating surfaces are positioned so that a protrusion and/or a recess formed on an outside of one diffraction grating surface engages with a recess and/or a protrusion formed on an outside of the other diffraction grating surface, and wherein the pair of diffraction grating surfaces are defined on materials having different refractive indices and different dispersions and being formed into a kinoform, or a shape and a height of blazed or binary, close to it, such that a largest optical path difference to be applied to light rays passing through the diffraction grating surfaces with respect to plural wavelengths becomes equal to a multiple, by an integral number, of the wavelength.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for fabricating a semiconductor device having a memory employing a ferroelectric capacitor in which the orientation of the ferroelectric film is controlled. The method for fabricating the semiconductor device includes a first film deposition process for forming a first ferroelectric layer, and a second film deposition process for forming a second ferroelectric layer on the first ferroelectric layer. The film deposition temperature of the first film deposition process is set to at least 600° C.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to provide a mold releasing method for a diffraction optical element, which enables stable mass production of a diffraction optical element free from deformation or damage due to mold release. In order to achieve this object, a mold releasing method for a diffraction optical element, of releasing from a mold a diffraction optical element formed by using the mold and having a convex lens function, includes the steps of pressing a central portion of the diffraction optical element toward the mold, and pushing a periphery of the diffraction optical element in a direction to separate from the mold, so that mold release progresses from the periphery toward the central portion of the diffraction optical element. The method also includes the step of adjusting the balance with a plurality of hydraulic cylinders without pressing the central portion, so that mold release progresses toward the center.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical element is disclosed which comprises the steps of providing a molding material onto a mold; giving a local temperature difference to an interface between the mold and the molding material to separate the mold and the molding material from each other in an area; and successively enlarging the area of separation made by the temperature difference to entirely separate the mold and the molding material from each other.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a micro-structure having a plurality of step-like elements, includes the steps of etching a first region of a substrate, corresponding to a lowest step of the step-like element, with an appropriate depth, whereby a surface of the lowest step of the step-like element is defined, and etching, subsequently, a second region of the substrate, corresponding to another step of the step-like element, with an appropriate depth, whereby a surface of that step of the step-like element is defined.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a diffraction optical element, according to the present invention, includes the steps of: supplying a photocurable resin onto a surface of a light-transmitting molding die in which a grating pattern is formed on the surface; irradiating the photocurable resin with light having a first wavelength through the molding die so as to cure part of the photocurable resin; irradiating the photocurable resin with light having a second wavelength, which is longer than the firs wavelength, through the molding die so as to cure at least part of the photocurable resin; and removing the cured resin from the molding die.

Abstract: A high-dielectric capacitor is formed by using a Ru lower electrode having a (002)-oriented principal surface, by depositing thereon a Ta2O5 film such that the Ta2O5 film has a (100)-principal surface.