Abstract: In a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in which a cathode diffusion layer, a cathode electrode catalyst layer, a polymer electrolyte membrane, an anode electrode catalyst layer, and an anode diffusion layer are laminated in this order, electron conductivity of the cathode electrode catalyst layer at a portion on the side of the cathode diffusion layer is higher than at a portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electron conductivity of the cathode electrode catalyst layer at the portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than at the portion on the side of the cathode diffusion layer, and furthermore, electron conductivity of the anode electrode catalyst layer at a portion on the side of the anode diffusion layer is higher than at a portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electron conductivity of the anode electrode catalyst layer at the portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than at the portion on the side of the anode diffusio

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory wherein remaining lifetimes of memory cells can be accurately determined is provided, the nonvolatile memory includes: plural memory cell groups, assigned with respective addresses, arranged for respective words and used for storing one word of data; plural dummy cell groups also assigned the respective addresses and having different ranks of rewriting lifetimes; a writing circuit which, when writing data into a memory cell group having a given address, also writes the data into a dummy cell group having the same address at the same time; a lifetime recognizing circuit which recognizes an estimated number of past writing times by determining whether each dummy cell group can be successfully accessed; and a control section which controls operations of the memory cell groups and the dummy cell groups in response to an externally given command.

Abstract: A magnetic resistance memory includes an identity determining unit that compares, bit by bit, first data stored in an address specified by a write request with second data to be written to the address, and that determines whether bit-by-bit values of the first data and the second data are identical; and a writing control unit that halts, when a bit of the second data is identical with a corresponding bit of the first data, writing of the bit of the second data.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode catalyst layer comprises Pt particles carried on a carbon carrier and a solid polymer electrolyte, wherein a center-to-center distance dimension (Lpt?pt) between the Pt particles carried on the carbon carrier is made to substantially coincide with the sum of a double of a total dimension resulting by adding the length (Lpes) of a side chain having an ion-exchange group to the diameter (Dpem) of a main chain of the solid polymer electrolyte and the diameter (Dpt) of the Pt particle.

Abstract: A magnetic resistance memory includes an identity determining unit that compares, bit by bit, first data stored in an address specified by a write request with second data to be written to the address, and that determines whether bit-by-bit values of the first data and the second data are identical; and a writing control unit that halts, when a bit of the second data is identical with a corresponding bit of the first data, writing of the bit of the second data.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes power generation cells, terminal plates, first cooling cells, and second cooling cells. The terminal plates are electrically connected to the power generation cells. The first cooling cells are interposed between the terminal plates, and a cooling liquid is supplied to the first cooling cells for cooling the power generation cells. The second cooling cells are interposed between the terminal plates. A predetermined number of power generation cells are interposed between the first cooling cell and the second cooling cell. A cooling air is supplied to the second cooling cell for cooing the power generation cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes power generation cells, terminal plates, first cooling cells, and second cooling cells. The terminal plates are electrically connected to the power generation cells. The first cooling cells are interposed between the terminal plates, and a cooling liquid is supplied to the first cooling cells for cooling the power generation cells. The second cooling cells are interposed between the terminal plates. A predetermined number of power generation cells are interposed between the first cooling cell and the second cooling cell. A cooling air is supplied to the second cooling cell for cooing the power generation cells.

Abstract: In a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in which a cathode diffusion layer, a cathode electrode catalyst layer, a polymer electrolyte membrane, an anode electrode catalyst layer, and an anode diffusion layer are laminated in this order, electron conductivity of the cathode electrode catalyst layer at a portion on the side of the cathode diffusion layer is higher than at a portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electron conductivity of the cathode electrode catalyst layer at the portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than at the portion on the side of the cathode diffusion layer, and furthermore, electron conductivity of the anode electrode catalyst layer at a portion on the side of the anode diffusion layer is higher than at a portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electron conductivity of the anode electrode catalyst layer at the portion on the side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than at the portion on the side of the anode diffusio

Abstract: A method of operating a phosphoric acid fuel cell is provided, in which the phosphoric acid fuel cell effects power generation at a high output. A power-generating cell is provided with an electrolyte layer comprising a matrix composed of basic polymer impregnated with acidic liquid electrolyte such as phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid fuel cell has a fuel cell stack comprising a single unit of the power-generating cell or a predetermined number of the power-generating cells electrically connected in series to one another. When the phosphoric acid fuel cell is operated, the supply pressures of the oxygen-containing gas and the hydrogen-containing gas are set so that the pressure on a cathode electrode of the power-generating cell is higher than that of an anode electrode.

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprises a medium-circulating passage for supplying, in a circulating manner, a temperature-adjusting medium to a fuel cell stack, and first and second temperature sensors for detecting medium temperatures at a temperature-adjusting medium inlet and a temperature-adjusting medium outlet. The medium-circulating passage is provided with a pump for circulating the medium, a heater for heating the medium, a radiator for cooling the medium, a bypass passage for bypassing the radiator, and first through third opening/closing valves for selectively supplying the temperature-adjusting medium to the radiator and the bypass passage.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell electrode catalyst layer comprises Pt particles carried on a carbon carrier and a solid polymer electrolyte, wherein a center-to-center distance dimension (Lpt−pt) between the Pt particles carried on the carbon carrier is made to substantially coincide with the sum of a double of a total dimension resulting by adding the length (Lpes) of a side chain having an ion-exchange group to the diameter (Dpem) of a main chain of the solid polymer electrolyte and the diameter (Dpt) of the Pt particle.

Abstract: The operating condition is set so that a phosphoric acid concentration, at which an amount of reaction product water to lower a concentration of phosphoric acid and an amount of water evaporated from phosphoric acid are equilibrated, can be not less than a reference phosphoric acid concentration to maintain desired performance, when a phosphoric acid fuel cell is operated under a condition where the reaction product water exists as liquid water. Specifically, an equilibrium phosphoric acid concentration-setting system is used to control, if necessary, gas flow rate control systems, gas temperature control systems, and pressure control systems so as to effectively prevent the performance of the phosphoric acid fuel cell and its power generation from being worsened. Accordingly, it is possible to suitably operate the phosphoric acid fuel cell at a low temperature without additional equipments.

Abstract: A cell assembly is formed by stacking a first fuel cell and a second fuel cell together. The first fuel cell has a first membrane electrode assembly, and the second fuel cell has a second membrane electrode assembly. In the cell assembly, oxygen-containing gas flow fields of the first and second separators are connected in series, and fuel gas flow fields of the first and second separators are connected in series. Coolant flow fields are formed on opposite sides of the cell assembly, respectively, for supplying a coolant straight in one direction through the coolant flow fields.

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprises a medium-circulating passage for supplying, in a circulating manner, a temperature-adjusting medium to a fuel cell stack, and first and second temperature sensors for detecting medium temperatures at a temperature-adjusting medium inlet and a temperature-adjusting medium outlet. The medium-circulating passage is provided with a pump for circulating the medium, a heater for heating the medium, a radiator for cooling the medium, a bypass passage for bypassing the radiator, and first through third opening/closing valves for selectively supplying the temperature-adjusting medium to the radiator and the bypass passage.

Abstract: The operating condition is set so that a phosphoric acid concentration, at which an amount of reaction product water to lower a concentration of phosphoric acid and an amount of water evaporated from phosphoric acid are equilibrated, can be not less than a reference phosphoric acid concentration to maintain desired performance, when a phosphoric acid fuel cell is operated under a condition where the reaction product water exists as liquid water. Specifically, an equilibrium phosphoric acid concentration-setting system is used to control, if necessary, gas flow rate control systems, gas temperature control systems, and pressure control systems so as to effectively prevent the performance of the phosphoric acid fuel cell and its power generation from being worsened. Accordingly, it is possible to suitably operate the phosphoric acid fuel cell at a low temperature without additional equipments.

Abstract: A method of operating a phosphoric acid fuel cell is provided, in which the phosphoric acid fuel cell effects power generation at a high output. A power-generating cell is provided with an electrolyte layer comprising a matrix composed of basic polymer impregnated with acidic liquid electrolyte such as phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acid fuel cell has a fuel cell stack comprising a single unit of the power-generating cell or a predetermined number of the power-generating cells electrically connected in series to one another. When the phosphoric acid fuel cell is operated, the supply pressures of the oxygen-containing gas and the hydrogen-containing gas are set so that the pressure on a cathode electrode of the power-generating cell is higher than that of an anode electrode.

Abstract: A method of driving a display device having a plurality of signal electrode lines, a plurality of scanning electrode lines, and a display element and a 2-terminal type non-linear element connected to each other in series between each signal electrode line and each scanning electrode line, in which a selected period is divided into a writing period for charging the display element with more than a certain amount of charge through the 2-terminal type non-linear element and an erasing period following the writing period, and a second voltage which has a polarity reverse to that of the first voltage and does not erase the charge charged in the writing period is applied in the erasing period to turn on the display element. The after-images can be reduced significantly, and the tolerance of the second voltage required to obtain high-contrast can be broadened.

Abstract: A driving method which is used for a display device and which applies different voltages to display elements during the first through third periods in a selection period. During the first period, a first voltage having not less than a predetermined value is applied to each display element through a non-linear element of two-terminal type. During the second period, a second voltage having a level that does not cancel the first voltage is applied upon on-time, while a second voltage having a level that cancels the first voltage is applied upon off-time. During the third period, a third voltage that has an opposite polarity to the first voltage upon on-time and that has the same polarity as the first voltage upon off-time is applied. Here, the third voltage has a non-selection level upon on-time as well as off-time. Thus, an effective voltage, which is applied to the display element selected during the selection period, becomes virtually the same irrespective of display states.

Abstract: The invention provides a voltage-generating circuit in which the characteristic of the output voltage in response to the ambient temperature is represented by a predetermined line. A temperature sensor outputs a voltage in proportion to the ambient temperature, and the voltage is inversely amplified by an operational amplifier. An optimum operating voltage V.sub.op for a liquid crystal is output from an output terminal of a variable voltage regulator, in response to the voltage output ted from the operational amplifier.

Abstract: A tablet integrated with a display comprising a matrix panel having row and column electrodes, a detecting conductor, a row electrode driver, a column electrode driver, a row coordinate detecting circuit and a column coordinate detecting circuit, in case of display mode, the row electrode driver applying the row scanning pulse successively to every row electrode of the matrix panel from one to another, and the column electrode driver applying voltage in accordance with the display data simultaneously to the column electrode of the matrix panel each time the row scanning pulse is applied successively to the row electrode of the matrix panel, in case of row detection mode, the row electrode driver applying the row scanning pulse successively to the row electrode of the matrix panel, and receiving the row scanning pulse detected through electrostatic capacitive coupling caused by the detecting conductor touching an arbitrary position on the matrix panel, so as to present the row coordinate of the position which