Abstract: The invention provides a toner for electrostatic image development, containing a toner particle and external additive particles adhered to the surface of the toner particle, each of the external additive particles being constituted of plural irreversibly coalesced primary particles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a carrier for replenishment including an associated particle in which single particles each having a core material and a resin layer covering the core material, are bound via the resin layer, the carrier being used in a developer for replenishment of a trickle development system, and the system including performing development while the developer for replenishment is replenished, upon development of a latent image on a latent image holding member using a development unit.

Abstract: A physical frame is constructed, the physical frame including a medium access control super-frame payload which in turn includes a plurality of medium access control frames. With respect to the constructed physical frame, virtual carrier sense information is set in the plurality of medium access control frame so that a result of carrier sense is identical to another by virtual carrier sense based on the plurality of medium access control frames in the medium access control super-frame payload. The physical frame in which the virtual carrier sense information has been set is transmitted to a destined communication apparatus.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus is disclosed. A transmitting device transmits a first aggregation frame in which first transmission data frames are aggregated. A measuring device measures a number value of retransmission of each of the first transmission data frames. A storage stores a limiting value of the number value of retransmission. A determination device determines whether the number value of retransmission of each of the first transmission data frames exceeds the limiting value. A transmission buffer buffers the first transmission data frames for which it is determined that the number value of retransmission does not exceed the limiting value, and discards the first transmission data frames for which it is determined that the number value of retransmission exceeds the limiting value, of the first transmission data frames. A retransmitting device retransmits the first aggregation frame in which the first transmission data frames buffered in the transmission buffer are aggregated.

Abstract: A physical frame is generated and transmitted to a destination terminal. In this physical frame, one of a data frame, an acknowledgement frame, and an acknowledgement request frame, and a transmission permission frame which is used in place of a normal Ack frame associated with a delayed Block Ack, and permits the destination terminal to perform piggyback transmission, are aggregated.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus having a relay function comprises a memory to store an address of a first wireless communication apparatus connected to the wireless communication apparatus and having a relay function, and a transmitting unit configured to transmit a first relay frame addressed to the first wireless communication apparatus, the first relay frame including a first address field prepared for a final destination address, an address of a second communication apparatus not connected to the wireless communication apparatus being set in the first address field, and a second address field prepared for an address of a third wireless communication apparatus connecting the second communication apparatus and having a relay function, one of an address except for the address of the third wireless communication apparatus and a specific value being set in the second address field.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a receiving device configured to receive a physical frame in which a plurality of MAC frames, each having a sequence number, are aggregated. A reception buffer which stores MAC frames of the physical frame received by the receiving device. A determination device determines whether or not the first MAC frame in the physical frame received by the receiving device has been successfully received. A reception buffer management device determines, when the first MAC frame has been successfully received, a MAC frame to be forwarded to an upper layer, on the basis of the sequence number of the first MAC frame, and extracts the MAC frame from the reception buffer.

Abstract: A generation device generates a frame to be transmitted to a destination communication apparatus. The frame includes a first separation field, a first MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) following the first separation field, a second separation field following the first MPDU, a third separation field following the second separation field, and a third MPDU following the third separation field. The second separation field includes length information set to a value of zero to indicate no second MPDU directly follows the second separation field. The first MPDU includes a first MAC header, a first data field, and a first frame check sequence (FCS). The first FCS is for detecting an error occurred in at least the first data field. The third MPDU includes a third MAC header, a third data field, and a third FCS. The third FCS is for detecting an error occurred in at least the third data field.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a receiving device configured to receive one physical frame in which a plurality of MAC frames are aggregated. This physical frame includes one acknowledgement request frame for the plurality of MAC frames. The apparatus includes an acknowledgement frame forming device configured to form an acknowledgement frame representing reception statuses of the plurality of MAC frames in response to the acknowledgement request frame. The apparatus also includes a transmitting device configured to transmit the acknowledgement frame. This acknowledgement frame includes a compressed acknowledgement frame representing an acknowledgement bitmap having a size equal to a maximum number of MSDUs (MAC Service Data Units) when one MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) corresponds to one MSDU.

Abstract: A physical frame is constructed, the physical frame including a medium access control super-frame payload which in turn includes a plurality of medium access control frames. With respect to the constructed physical frame, virtual carrier sense information is set in the plurality of medium access control frame so that a result of carrier sense is identical to another by virtual carrier sense based on the plurality of medium access control frames in the medium access control super-frame payload. The physical frame in which the virtual carrier sense information has been set is transmitted to a destined communication apparatus.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus for performing wireless communication using a first channel having a first frequency bandwidth, and a second channel formed of both the first channel and a second communication channel, the second communication channel having a frequency bandwidth equal to the first frequency bandwidth. A first generation of a first declaration frame for declaring occupation of the first channel for a specified period, and a second generation of a second declaration frame for declaring occupation of the second communication channel for a specified period after the first declaration frame are generated and transmitted. Transmission timings are set so that the first and second declaration frames are transmitted at the highest priority of all the other frames.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a frame generating device configured to generate a physical frame containing, of a plurality of MAC frames to be transmitted, a MAC frame which requires acknowledgement indicating that the frame is received by a receiving side, a MAC frame which does not require the acknowledgement, and identification information which indicates necessity/unnecessity of acknowledgement for each MAC frame depending on whether each MAC frame requires acknowledgement, and a transmitting device configured to transmit the physical frame generated by the frame generating device.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus includes a transmitting device configured to transmit burst data of a plurality of transmission data, a receiving device configured to receive an acknowledgement status of the burst data transmitted by the transmitting device, a retransmitting device configured to control the transmitting device to retransmit any of the plurality of transmission data contained in the burst data, in accordance with the acknowledgement status received by the receiving device, and a retransmission limiting device configured to limit the retransmission for each frame exchange sequence of the burst data.

Abstract: A first storage stores a first number of streams which are capable of being demultiplexed by the wireless communication apparatus. A first acquisition unit acquires a second number of streams which are capable of being demultiplexed by a first wireless communication apparatus. A second acquisition unit acquires a third number of sum of streams of communications performed by the wireless communication apparatus and the first wireless communication apparatus. A second storage stores, if the first number of streams exceeds the third number of streams, a difference between the first and third numbers of streams as an allowable number of streams. A determination unit determines that a wireless medium is idle, in the case where a number of streams required for perform a new communication is not more than the allowable number of streams.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image includes a toner particle to which particles of an external additive A having a number average particle diameter of from 7 nm to 200 nm and particles of an external additive B having a number average particle diameter of from 30 nm to 4000 nm have been externally added. The ratio of the number average particle diameter of the particles of the external additive B to the number average particle diameter of the particles of the external additive A is in a range of from 2 to 20. The particles of one of the external additive A or the external additive B are particles having a core material covered with an organic material containing hydrogen and nitrogen. The particles of the other one of the external additive A or the external additive B are SiO2 particles.

Abstract: A generation device generates a frame to be transmitted to a destination communication apparatus. The frame includes a first separation field, a first MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) following the first separation field, a second separation field following the first MPDU, a third separation field following the second separation field, and a third MPDU following the third separation field. The second separation field includes length information set to a value of zero to indicate no second MPDU directly follows the second separation field. The first MPDU includes a first MAC header, a first data field, and a first frame check sequence (FCS). The first FCS is for detecting an error occurred in at least the first data field. The third MPDU includes a third MAC header, a third data field, and a third FCS. The third FCS is for detecting an error occurred in at least the third data field.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a receiving device configured to receive one physical frame in which a plurality of MAC frames are aggregated. This physical frame includes one acknowledgement request frame for the plurality of MAC frames. The apparatus includes an acknowledgement frame forming device configured to form an acknowledgement frame representing reception statuses of the plurality of MAC frames in response to the acknowledgement request frame. The apparatus also includes a transmitting device configured to transmit the acknowledgement frame. This acknowledgement frame includes a compressed acknowledgement frame representing an acknowledgement bitmap having a size equal to a maximum number of MSDUs (MAC Service Data Units) when one MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) corresponds to one MSDU.

Abstract: A communication device configured to receive a first packet from a first network including a virtual network, and to transmit a second packet to a second network, the communication device including: a receiver section configured to receive the first packet from the first network; a converter section configured to convert a second destination address of the first packet to the first destination address of the second packet using identifying information of the virtual network; a selector configured to select a security parameter based at least in part on the first destination address of the second packet; an encryption section configured to encrypt the second packet based on the security parameter; and a transmitter section configured to multicast the encrypted second packet to the second network.

Abstract: A physical frame is constructed, the physical frame including a medium access control super-frame payload which in turn includes a plurality of medium access control frames. With respect to the constructed physical frame, virtual carrier sense information is set in the plurality of medium access control frame so that a result of carrier sense is identical to another by virtual carrier sense based on the plurality of medium access control frames in the medium access control super-frame payload. The physical frame in which the virtual carrier sense information has been set is transmitted to a destined communication apparatus.

Abstract: A wireless communication apparatus receives a radio signal, compensates a frequency offset of received radio signal, stores, in a memory, a frequency offset of the received radio signal which includes an address used as a destination of a transmission signal, compensates a frequency of the transmission signal having the address as the destination by using the frequency offset stored in the memory, and transmits the transmission signal whose frequency is compensated.