Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyester resin which comprises a constituent unit represented by general formula (1), a constituent unit derived from a compound having a bisphenol skeleton and a constituent unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid, and wherein the constituent unit derived from a compound having a bisphenol skeleton is contained in an amount of 20 parts by mole or more per 100 parts by mole of the constituent unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid. The present invention is able to provide a polyester resin which has excellent solubility in a solvent and excellent pulverization properties, and which provides a toner having excellent storage stability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyester resin which comprises a constituent unit represented by general formula (1), a constituent unit derived from a compound having a bisphenol skeleton and a constituent unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid, and wherein the constituent unit derived from a compound having a bisphenol skeleton is contained in an amount of 20 parts by mole or more per 100 parts by mole of the constituent unit derived from a polyvalent carboxylic acid. The present invention is able to provide a polyester resin which has excellent solubility in a solvent and excellent pulverization properties, and which provides a toner having excellent storage stability.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polyester resin for toner, the polyester resin containing a monomer unit derived from isosorbide and a monomer unit derived from 1,2-propanediol, in which the proportion of the monomer unit derived from isosorbide is from 2 to 11% by mass with respect to the total mass of the polyester resin, and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester resin for toner is from 56 to 70° C. According to the invention, it is possible to provide a polyester resin for toner from which toner excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide is obtained, and a method for producing the polyester resin for toner. In addition, the toner obtained from the polyester resin for toner of the invention is excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polyester resin for toner, the polyester resin containing a monomer unit derived from isosorbide and a monomer unit derived from 1,2-propanediol, in which the proportion of the monomer unit derived from isosorbide is from 2 to 11% by mass with respect to the total mass of the polyester resin, and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester resin for toner is from 56 to 70° C. According to the invention, it is possible to provide a polyester resin for toner from which toner excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide is obtained, and a method for producing the polyester resin for toner. In addition, the toner obtained from the polyester resin for toner of the invention is excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide.

Abstract: This toner polyester resin contains 5-30 mass % of a constitutional unit derived from isosorbide, and has a storage elastic modulus (G?) at 180° C. of 400-1,000 Pa. This method for producing the toner polyester resin involves polycondensing a mixture containing 5-30 mass % of isosorbide and a polycarboxylic acid at 230° C. or lower, and completing a polycondensation reaction at a softening temperature in the range of 135-150° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polyester resin for toner, the polyester resin containing a monomer unit derived from isosorbide and a monomer unit derived from 1,2-propanediol, in which the proportion of the monomer unit derived from isosorbide is from 2 to 11% by mass with respect to the total mass of the polyester resin, and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester resin for toner is from 56 to 70° C. According to the invention, it is possible to provide a polyester resin for toner from which toner excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide is obtained, and a method for producing the polyester resin for toner. In addition, the toner obtained from the polyester resin for toner of the invention is excellent in storage stability, fixing property, hot offset resistance and image stability in the case of using isosorbide.

Abstract: This toner polyester resin contains 5-30 mass % of a constitutional unit derived from isosorbide, and has a storage elastic modulus (G?) at 180° C. of 400-1,000 Pa. This method for producing the toner polyester resin involves polycondensing a mixture containing 5-30 mass % of isosorbide and a polycarboxylic acid at 230° C. or lower, and completing a polycondensation reaction at a softening temperature in the range of 135-150° C.

Abstract: Data that is to be written is received, wherein the data is indicated in one or more blocks of a first block size. Each of the one or more blocks of the first block size is written in consecutive blocks of a second block size that is larger in size than the first block size, wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size stores only one block of the first block size, and wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size has empty space remaining, subsequent to the writing of each of the one or more blocks of the first block size. Filler data is written in the empty space remaining in each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size.

Abstract: Data that is to be written is received, wherein the data is indicated in one or more blocks of a first block size. Each of the one or more blocks of the first block size is written in consecutive blocks of a second block size that is larger in size than the first block size, wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size stores only one block of the first block size, and wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size has empty space remaining, subsequent to the writing of each of the one or more blocks of the first block size. Filler data is written in the empty space remaining in each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size.

Abstract: Data that is to be written is received, wherein the data is indicated in one or more blocks of a first block size. Each of the one or more blocks of the first block size is written in consecutive blocks of a second block size that is larger is size than the first block size, wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size stores only one block of the first block size, and wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size has empty space remaining, subsequent to the writing of each of the one or more blocks of the first block size. Filler data is written in the empty space remaining in each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size.

Abstract: Data that is to be written is received, wherein the data is indicated in one or more blocks of a first block size. Each of the one or more blocks of the first block size is written in consecutive blocks of a second block size that is larger is size than the first block size, wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size stores only one block of the first block size, and wherein each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size has empty space remaining, subsequent to the writing of each of the one or more blocks of the first block size. Filler data is written in the empty space remaining in each of the consecutive blocks of the second block size.

Abstract: A casting film (24) is formed by casting a cellulose acylate solution (16) onto a cold drum (22) continuously running. The cellulose acylate solution (16) contains at most 0.01% of a compound which is extracted to a liquid incompatible with the water in a mixture of the water and the liquid. That is, at most 50 mg of the compound is contained in 100 g of cellulose acylate. In the cellulose acylate solution (16), a concentration C1 of Ca is at most 100 ppm, a proportion of the C1 to a concentration C2 of sulfuric acid satisfies the following formula: 0.5?C1/C2?1.5, and a concentration of Mg is in the range of 5 ppm to 50 ppm. Thereby, contamination of the surface of the cold drum (22) is prevented.

Abstract: A polyester resin for toner which is obtained through polymerization in the presence of a release agent ingredient with a melting point of 60–100° C. or a release agent ingredient comprising an alcohol component, and which has a softening temperature of 100–160° C., an acid value of 0.1–30 mgKOH/g and a glass transition temperature of 40–70° C.; a process for producing a polyester resin for toner which comprises conducting polymerization in the presence of a release agent ingredient with a melting point of 60–100° C. or a release agent ingredient comprising an alcohol component; and toner comprising the polyester resin. Toners with excellent non-offset properties and glosses are obtained.

Abstract: A cellulose acetate solution is filtrated with a filter medium formed of cellulose fiber. Hydroxyl groups on the filter medium are substituted to other functional groups. An acidic material is added to the cellulose acetate solution, and the filtration is preformed. In order to estimate the hydrogen ion concentration of the organic solvent, a sample solvent of thereof is mixed with water so as to transport hydrogen ions from the sample solvent to the water of a predetermined volume. Then the water is separated from the sample solvent, and the pH value of the water is measured with a pH meter. The result of the measurement is regarded as the pH value of the organic solvent.

Abstract: A toner resin composition comprising a linear polyester resin (A) containing a C3 to C10 aliphatic diol component and a linear polyester resin (B) containing a C3 to C10 aliphatic diol component which differs from the linear polyester resin (A), or further comprising a vinyl-based resin (C), and a toner containing the toner resin composition as a binding resin. A toner excellent in low temperature fixability, offset resistance, gloss, etc. and excellent in range of fixing temperature can be obtained.

Abstract: In a multi-layer structure of a cellulose acylate film, the averaged degree of acylation of surface layers is controlled in the range of 0.5 to 2.8 by mixing several sorts of cellulose acylates having different averaged degrees of acyation. One of the surface layers is formed on a substrate by casting a solution containing cellulose acylate made of cotton linter. Lubricant particles are added to a solution for the surface layers, and emission compounds to a solution for the inner layers. The obtained cellulose acylate film is excellent in adhesive property to the hydrophobic material without saponification, and adequately used for the polarizing filter, an optical compensation sheet, and liquid crystal display.

Abstract: A cellulose acetate solution is filtrated with a filter medium formed of cellulose fiber. Hydroxyl groups on the filter medium are substituted to other functional groups. An acidic material is added to the cellulose acetate solution, and the filtration is preformed. In order to estimate the hydrogen ion concentration of the organic solvent, a sample solvent of thereof is mixed with water so as to transport hydrogen ions from the sample solvent to the water of a predetermined volume. Then the water is separated from the sample solvent, and the pH value of the water is measured with a pH meter. The result of the measurement is regarded as the pH value of the organic solvent.

Abstract: A peeling force controller is added to a dope to be cast on a support. The peeling force controller is polycarboxylic derivatives, in which a content of said polycarboxylic acid is at most 50 wt. %. During peeling the cast dope as a film from the support, the peeling force is at most 60×9.8 (mN) per 1 cm in width of the film. Thus the film is peeled stably and speedy from the support, and the generation of metal salts of the peeling force controller is reduced such that the pollution of a film production apparatus is prevented. Accordingly, the film excellent in optical property is continuously produced at high speed.

Abstract: One of silicon dioxide particles and an acid whose pKa in water at 25° C. is from 1.9 to 4.5 is mixed in a polymer solution, such that a first liquid may be obtained, and another one is added to the first liquid. Thus a dope is obtained. Otherwise, a solvent, silicon dioxide particles and an acid whose acid dissociation constant (pKa) in water at 25° C. is from 1.9 to 4.5 are mixed, such that a second liquid in which a concentration of said acid is 0.5 wt. % may be obtained. The second liquid is added to a polymer solution, and thus a dope is obtained. A cellulose acylate film produced from each dope can be peeled from a support adequately, and aggregation of the particles are reduced. Therefore, a film whose optical properties are excellent is produced at high speed.

Abstract: A peeling force controller is added to a dope to be cast on a support. The peeling force controller is polycarboxylic derivatives, in which a content of said polycarboxylic acid is at most 50 wt. %. During peeling the cast dope as a film from the support, the peeling force is at most 60×9.8 (mN) per 1 cm in width of the film. Thus the film is peeled stably and speedy from the support, and the generation of metal salts of the peeling force controller is reduced such that the pollution of a film production apparatus is prevented. Accordingly, the film excellent in optical property is continuously produced at high speed.