Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt has metal oxide particles as a solid lubricant on a surface of the intermediate transfer belt, in which an average spacing between the metal oxide particles on the surface is 1,000 nm or less, and an average height of the metal oxide particles from the surface is 15 nm or more and 320 nm or less.

Abstract: A transfer device includes an intermediate transfer belt that has an outer peripheral surface to which a toner image is to be transferred, a primary transfer device that has a primary transfer member performing primary transfer of a toner image formed on a surface of an image holder to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt, and a secondary transfer device that has a secondary transfer belt arranged in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt and performing secondary transfer of the toner image transferred to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt to a surface of a recording medium, in which the intermediate transfer belt has an indentation modulus A of 5,000 MPa or more, and the secondary transfer belt has an indentation modulus B of 300 MPa or less and a tensile modulus C of 250 MPa or more.

Abstract: In an endless belt, the absolute value of an electrostatic capacitance C and the absolute value of an alternating-current resistance Z when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p is applied in a frequency range of from 10000 Hz to 0.1 mHz from a high frequency side satisfy Formula (1) below, and an alternating-current resistance Z0.63 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 0.63 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (2) below. Moreover, an alternating-current resistance Z630 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 630 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (3) below: log10 C?3.18×log10 Z?30.27;??Formula (1): 6.3?log10 Z0.63?6.9; and??Formula (2): 9.1?log10 Z630?9.9.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where at least one of spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is not within a predetermined range including spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where all of the spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by the radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is within the predetermined range including the spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of a difference between temperatures of a steel material SM measured by radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is equal to or more than a predetermined temperature, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of the difference between the temperatures of the steel material SM measured by the radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is not equal to or more than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of a difference between temperatures of a steel material SM measured by radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is equal to or more than a predetermined temperature, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of the difference between the temperatures of the steel material SM measured by the radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is not equal to or more than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of a difference between temperatures of a steel material SM measured by radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is equal to or more than a predetermined temperature, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of the difference between the temperatures of the steel material SM measured by the radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is not equal to or more than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of a difference between temperatures of a steel material SM measured by radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is equal to or more than a predetermined temperature, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where the absolute value of the difference between the temperatures of the steel material SM measured by the radiation thermometers (20a, 20b) is not equal to or more than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A scale composition determination device (10) determines that Fe2O3 has been generated in the outermost layer of a scale (SC) in the case where at least one of spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is not within a predetermined range including spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength, and determines that Fe2O3 has not been generated in the outermost layer of the scale (SC) in the case where all of the spectral emissivities at one wavelength and the other wavelength that are measured by the radiometers for spectral emissivity measurement (21a, 21b) is within the predetermined range including the spectral emissivities of FeO at one wavelength and the other wavelength.

Abstract: [Object] To determine an alloyed position more precisely even in processes in which induction heating is used in a previous section of alloying, which have been becoming more common in recent years, and a steel sheet is alloyed by being gradually cooled in a heat holding zone.

Abstract: [Object] To determine an alloyed position more precisely even in processes in which induction heating is used in a previous section of alloying, which have been becoming more common in recent years, and a steel sheet is alloyed by being gradually cooled in a heat holding zone.

Abstract: An oven wall three-dimensional profile data (701) representing concave and convex amounts on all over oven walls (14R, 14L) at a right side and left side of a coking chamber (11) is generated by using image signals obtained by a wall surface observation apparatus (200). A resistance index “k” in which a resistance received by pushed coke (15) resulting from a rising gradient existing on the oven wall (14) is indexed is asked by using the oven wall three-dimensional profile data (701). It can be verified that there is a correlation between this resistance index “k” and a pushing load. Accordingly, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate a state of the oven wall (14) affecting on the pushing load.

Abstract: An oven wall three-dimensional profile data (701) representing concave and convex amounts on all over oven walls (14R, 14L) at a right side and left side of a coking chamber (11) is generated by using image signals obtained by a wall surface observation apparatus (200). A resistance index “k” in which a resistance received by pushed coke (15) resulting from a rising gradient existing on the oven wall (14) is indexed is asked by using the oven wall three-dimensional profile data (701). It can be verified that there is a correlation between this resistance index “k” and a pushing load. Accordingly, it is possible to quantitatively evaluate a state of the oven wall (14) affecting on the pushing load.

Abstract: An antifogging paint composition for forming an antifogging coating film without generation of the running water trace. The antifogging paint composition contains a block or grafted copolymer comprising a hydrophilic polymer part formed from a vinyl monomer having a cross-linking functional group and a water-soluble vinyl monomer, and a hydrophobic polymer part formed from a non water-soluble vinyl monomer, and an acidic alkyl phosphate.

Abstract: The invention provides a cooling system for protecting an image fiber and an imaging device from thermal influences and a temperature measurement apparatus, for a molten metal, capable of being easily controlled and stably measuring the temperature. The temperature measurement apparatus for a molten metal comprises four connectable portions of a nozzle portion a purge/cooling gas introduction portion, an image fiber fitting portion with a window glass and an image fiber to a double pipe nozzle protection tube. A distance from a nozzle distal end as an introduction portion of thermal radiation light to a light reception portion at an image fiber distal end becomes short so that a greater amount of thermal radiation light can be received.

Abstract: The invention provides a cooling system for protecting an image fiber and an imaging device from thermal influences and a temperature measurement apparatus, for a molten metal, capable of being easily controlled and stably measuring the temperature. The temperature measurement apparatus for a molten metal comprises four connectable portions of a nozzle portion a purge/cooling gas introduction portion, an image fiber fitting portion with a window glass and an image fiber to a double pipe nozzle protection tube. A distance from a nozzle distal end as an introduction portion of thermal radiation light to a light reception portion at an image fiber distal end becomes short so that a greater amount of thermal radiation light can be received.

Abstract: A steam stripping substance, which is obtained by steam distillation of sesame oil under reduced pressure and contains sesamin analogues substantially, is mixed with water, a water-soluble solvent or their mixture serving as solvent. Sesamin analogues are caused to precipitate in this mixed system in the presence of more than one equivalent of an alkali with respect to the acid value of the steam stripping substance. The precipitated sesamin analogues are then separated from the mixed system.

Abstract: A food material containing sesaminol triglucoside by at least 3.0 mm per 1 g of its dry component is obtained by subjecting dehulled sesame seeds to an extraction process at an extraction temperature below 120.degree. C. with aliphatic hydrocarbon as extraction solvent to obtain a solution, removing the solution to obtain a solid which contains the extraction solvent by less than 10 weight %, adding water to this solid to obtain a water-containing object, and removing the residual solvent from this water-containing object by distillation at 20-120.degree. C. The food material thus obtained is substantially free of the solvent used in the extraction process and has improved color, flavor and taste.

Abstract: A polymerizable composition contains unsaturated urethane shown by Formula (1) given below, vinyl monomer which is copolymerizable with this unsaturated urethane, and an inorganic powder filler at weight ratio of (unsaturated urethane)/(vinyl monomer)=10/90-90/10, the inorganic powder filler being 30-300 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the sum of the unsaturated urethane and vinyl monomer: ##STR1## where X is a residual group obtained by removing isocyanate groups from polyisocyanate; Y is a residual group obtained by removing hydroxyl groups from polyol; R.sup.1 is a residual group obtained by removing hydroxyl group from non-radical polymerizable mono-ol having aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 is H or CH.sub.3 ; and p, q and r are each an integer 1-3 such that 2.ltoreq.p+q.ltoreq.4 and qr.gtoreq.2. In-mold cured products obtained from such a polymerizable composition have superior external appearance and water-resistance, and their mold shrinkage is small.

Abstract: A polymerizable composition contains unsaturated urethane shown by Formula (1) given below, vinyl monomer which is copolymerizable with this unsaturated urethane, and an inorganic powder filler at weight ratio of (unsaturated urethane)/(vinyl monomer)=10/90-90/10, the inorganic powder filler being 30-300 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the sum of the unsaturated urethane and vinyl monomer: ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is hydrogen atom or methyl group; X is a residual group obtained by removing isocyanate groups from diisocyanate; Y is a residual group obtained by removing hydroxyl groups from non-radical polymerizable di-ol or tri-ol of a specified kind; Z is an organic group in the form of (R.sup.2 O).sub.m or R.sup.3 O, R.sup.2 being an alkylene group with 2-4 carbon atoms, R.sup.3 being an alkylene group with 2-12 carbon atoms, and m being an integer 2-10; and n is 2 or 3.