Abstract: Cathode structures for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells are provided. The cathode structures include thin dense mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) films. MIEC materials include materials with perovskite structures, such as LSCF. The thickness of the MIEC film is determined by minimizing the sum of the electronic and ionic resistances. Specific functions for the electronic and ionic resistances in terms of device and physical parameters are also provided. Pulsed laser deposition is used for the fabrication of the MIEC film and the electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with reduced electrical resistance and greater vacancy density control is provided. The SOFC includes an interfacial layer deposited, preferably by atomic layer deposition (ALD), between an electrode layer and an electrolyte layer. The interfacial layer includes an ion-conductive material. By use of ALD, the interfacial layer can have a very small thickness and can include layered structures of alternating materials. The interfacial layer can also include doping gradient structures of doped ion-conductive materials. Ultra-thin film platinum layers for high current density and cermet layers at the electrode/electrolyte interface are also provided.

Abstract: A reduced cost solid oxide fuel cell having enhanced surface exchange rates and diffusivity of oxide ions is provided. The invention cell includes a first porous electrode and a second porous electrode, where the porous electrodes have a layer of electronically conductive porous non-precious metal, and the porous non-precious metal layer is a gas diffusion layer. The porous electrodes further include at least one atomic layer of catalytic metal deposited on the non-precious metal layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the first porous electrode and the second porous electrode. The electrolyte layer includes a first dense ion-conductive doped oxide film layer, and a second dense ion-conductive doped oxide film layer deposited on the first doped oxide film layer, where the catalytic metal layer on the conductive porous non-metal layer enhances surface exchange rates and diffusivity of the oxide ions, thus the material costs of the fuel cell are reduced.

Abstract: A method of precursor selection for thin film deposition is provided, that includes a group of precursors, using a rule-set for selecting one or more candidate precursors for thermal stability, high growth rate, and low contamination. Candidate geometries and constituent geometries are simulated and optimized, and bond strengths of the candidates and constituents are determined. The rule-set is based on bond strength that compares molecule and constituent energies between a set of bond strengths within a candidate ligand or between a metal atom and one ligand. The rule-set requires metal atom-ligand bonds are between 0.2 and 3 eV, metal atom-ligand bond strengths are less than metal atom-ligand bond strengths of other candidates. The metal atom-ligand bond strength is >T?S, where T is a reaction temperature and ?S is the reaction entropy change and the bond within a ligand, where (ligand bond)>(metal atom and ligand bond).

Abstract: A method of depositing oxide materials on a substrate is provided. A deposition chamber holds the substrate, where the substrate is at a specified temperature, and the chamber has a chamber pressure and wall temperature. A precursor molecule containing a cation material atom is provided to the chamber, where the precursor has a line temperature and a source temperature. An oxidant is provided to the chamber, where the oxidant has a source flow rate. Water is provided to the chamber, where the water has a source temperature. By alternating precursor pulses, the water and the oxidant are integrated with purges of the chamber to provide low contamination levels and high growth rates of oxide material on the substrate, where the pulses and the purge have durations and flow rates. A repeatable growth cycle includes pulsing the precursor, purging the chamber, pulsing the water, pulsing the oxidant, and purging the chamber.

Abstract: The main object of the present invention is to provide a color filter for a transflective type color liquid crystal display which is easily produced and capable of displaying the same color tone with both of a reflecting light and a transmitting light, and shows light scattering in a reflective light region.

Abstract: A contour compensation circuit that generates a contour-compensated signal by which a signal level of a contour of the object is emphasized, from an image signal obtained by an image pickup of an object. This circuit includes a reverse gamma controller, a contour compensation signal generator, and a calculator. The reverse gamma controller determines a standard channel from among the channels constituting the image signal, and obtains a liner standard channel from the standard channel by the reverse control. The contour compensation signal generator generates a contour compensation signal from the liner standard channel. The control signal generator computes a comparative value from the liner standard channel and the contour compensation signal, and generates a control signal based on a comparison between the comparative value and a threshold value. The calculator computes the contour-compensated signal based on the contour compensation and control signals, and the liner standard channel.

Abstract: A process for taking a slow motion picture is disclosed which comprises: setting a plurality of cameras each having a shutter so that each of them can take an image with a similar view; and continuously taking fields of a subject by said a plurality camera in a timely staggered manner. In this process, timing of opening the shutter of each camera is staggered so that each camera takes a picture timely staggered, and a time for opening the shutter of each cameras is set to be a shorter than one field time of said each camera.

Abstract: An La2O3 powder and an SiO2 powder are mixed with each other, and then heated. By heating, a porous material of LaXSi6O1.5X+12 (8?X?10) as a composite oxide is produced. Subsequently, the porous material is pulverized to obtain a powder, and the powder is added to a solvent to prepare a slurry. The slurry is solidified in a magnetic field to prepare a compact. After that, the compact is sintered, and an oxide ion conductor is obtained thereby.

Abstract: An La2O3 powder and an SiO2 powder are mixed with each other, and then heated. By heating, a porous material of LaXSi6O1.5X+12 (8?X?10) as a composite oxide is produced. Subsequently, the porous material is pulverized to obtain a powder, and the powder is added to a solvent to prepare a slurry. The slurry is solidified in a magnetic field to prepare a compact. After that, the compact is sintered, and an oxide ion conductor is obtained thereby.

Abstract: The main object of the present invention is to provide a color filter for a transflective type color liquid crystal display which is easily produced and capable of displaying the same color tone with both of a reflecting light and a transmitting light, and shows light scattering in a reflective light region.

Abstract: An electrolyte is single crystal composed of La9.33Si6O26 in which the crystal is oriented in the c-axis, and the c-axis is in the thickness direction of the electrolyte. In the electrolyte, the oxide ion is preferentially migrated in the thickness direction. That is, the oxide ion conduction exhibits anisotropy. Isotropic conductive layers composed of YDC, in which the oxide ion conduction exhibits isotropy and the oxide ion conductivity is lower than that of the electrolyte, are provided between the electrolyte and an anode and a cathode.

Abstract: In a focusing state determining device for determining a focusing state of a taking lens, an object light entering the taking lens is captured by focusing state determination imaging elements provided separately from a video imaging element, and the focusing state is determined according to luminance signals outputted from the focusing state determination imaging elements. Any error of determination of the focusing state induced by saturation of the luminance signals in imaging an object of high luminance is prevented by adjusting the gains of the image signals outputted from the focusing state determination imaging elements or the charge accumulation times of the focusing state determination imaging elements. High-frequency components are determined from the luminance signals obtained from the focusing state determination imaging elements (A, B, C), and the focus evaluation value is determined by integration thereof.

Abstract: A beam splitter (24)for splitting light in a wavelength range of about 500 nm to about 600 nm is arranged in a relay optical system of a taking lens (12). A green light beam reflected from the beam splitter (24) is directed through a relay lens (R3) to a focusing state determination imaging unit (26). The imaging unit (26) comprises three imaging elements (A, B, C) for capturing the directed green light beam to determine the focusing state. Thus, a device for determining the focusing state of the taking lens is provided, in which the green light beam is separated as an object light for determining the focusing state from the object light entering the taking lens (12), so that the focusing state can be determined with high accuracy on the basis of the high-frequency components of the image signal generated by capturing the green light beam by means of the imaging elements (A, B, C) having different optical path lengths.

Abstract: A beam splitter (24) for splitting light in a wavelength range of about 500 nm to about 600 nm is arranged in a relay optical system of a taking lens (12). A green light beam reflected from the beam splitter (24) is directed through a relay lens (R3) to a focusing state determination imaging unit (26). The imaging unit (26) comprises three imaging elements (A, B, C) for capturing the directed green light beam to determine the focusing state. Thus, a device for determining the focusing state of the taking lens is provided, in which the green light beam is separated as an object light for determining the focusing state from the object light entering the taking lens (12), so that the focusing state can be determined with high accuracy on the basis of the high-frequency components of the image signal generated by capturing the green light beam by means of the imaging elements (A, B, C) having different optical path lengths.

Abstract: An La2O3 powder and an SiO2 powder are mixed with each other, and then heated. By heating, a porous material of LaXSi6O1.5X+12 (8≦X≦10) as a composite oxide is produced. Subsequently, the porous material is pulverized to obtain a powder, and the powder is added to a solvent to prepare a slurry. The slurry is solidified in a magnetic field to prepare a compact. After that, the compact is sintered, and an oxide ion conductor is obtained thereby.

Abstract: In a focusing state determining device for determining a focusing state of a taking lens, an object light entering the taking lens is captured by focusing state determination imaging elements provided separately from a video imaging element, and the focusing state is determined according to luminance signals outputted from the focusing state determination imaging elements. Any error of determination of the focusing state induced by saturation of the luminance signals in imaging an object of high luminance is prevented by adjusting the gains of the image signals outputted from the focusing state determination imaging elements or the charge accumulation times of the focusing state determination imaging elements. High-frequency components are determined from the luminance signals obtained from the focusing state determination imaging elements (A, B, C), and the focus evaluation value is determined by integration thereof.

Abstract: A contour compensation circuit that generates a contour-compensated signal by which a signal level of a contour of the object is emphasized, from an image signal obtained by an image pickup of an object.

Abstract: A process for taking a slow motion picture is disclosed which comprises: setting a plurality of cameras each having a shutter so that each of them can take an image with a similar view; and continuously taking fields of a subject by said a plurality camera in a timely staggered manner. In this process, timing of opening the shutter of each camera is staggered so that each camera takes a picture timely staggered, and a time for opening the shutter of each cameras is set to be a shorter than one field time of said each camera.

Abstract: A liquid crystal color display with a color filter having plural pixels of 3 colors of red, green, and blue, plural light shutters which control a transmitting light quantity of each pixel by opening and closing a liquid crystal, and a light source; when a wavelength of the maximum green pixel transmittance of the above color filter is &lgr;, an average of normalized emitting spectrum of light source (brightness when maximum value is 1), in range of &lgr;±3 nm, is 0.1 or higher; and a wavelength of a coinciding point, of transmittance of blue pixel whose wavelength is longer than the peak wavelength of the transmitting wavelength band of blue pixel of a color filter, and transmittance of green pixel whose wavelength is shorter than the peak wavelength of the transmitting wavelength band of green pixel of a color filter, is 500 nm or shorter.