Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical conversion process, preferably an isomerization process, for at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an ionic liquid. The chemical conversion is performed in a dispersion, with dispersion of the hydrocarbon (phase (B)) in the ionic liquid (phase (A)) in the dispersion, the volume ratio of phase (A) to phase (B) being in the range from 2.5 to 4:1 [vol/vol].

Abstract: A process for separating a phase (A) comprising at least one ionic liquid from a phase (B), where phase (A) has a higher viscosity than phase (B), comprising: a) providing a stream (S1) comprising a dispersion (D1) in which phase (A) is dispersed in phase (B), b) introducing stream (S1) into a coalescing device (KV), where the inflow rate of stream (S1) is from 0.05 to 150 kg/(cm2*h) based on the average cross-sectional area of coalescing device (KV), wherein the packing density of coalescing device (KV) is from 50 to 500 kg/m3, separating phase (A) from phase (B) in coalescing device (KV), discharging a stream (S2) comprising at least 70% by weight of phase (A) from coalescing device (KV) and discharging a stream (S3) comprising at least 70% by weight of phase (B) from coalescing device (KV).

Abstract: A field device for determining or monitoring a physical or chemical process variable in automation technology, comprising at least one transmitting/receiving element, wherein an FPGA component is provided, the transmitting/receiving element is configured in the form of a spiral from existing internal connecting lines of the FPGA component, and the spiral of the transmitting/receiving element transmits data inductively to a second transmitting/receiving element in the form of a spiral.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing cyclohexane from methylcyclopentane (MCP) and benzene. In the context of the present invention, MCP and benzene are constituents of a hydrocarbon mixture (HM1) additionally comprising dimethylpentanes (DMP), possibly cyclohexane and possibly at least one compound (low boiler) selected from acyclic C5-C6-alkanes and cyclopentane. First of all, benzene is converted in a hydrogenation step to cyclohexane (that present in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM2)), while MCP is isomerized in the presence of a catalyst, preferably of an acidic ionic liquid, to cyclohexane. After the hydrogenation but prior to the isomerization the dimethylpentanes (DMP) are removed, with initial removal of the cyclohexane present in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM2) together with DMP. This cyclohexane already present prior to the isomerization can be separated again from DMP in a downstream rectification step and isolated and/or recycled into the process for cyclohexane preparation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive wheel for a bike, comprising a rim which is fastened to a hub by means of a plurality of spokes, wherein the spokes are made of reinforcing fibers embedded in resin, the reinforcing fibers of a spoke extending from a first fastening portion at the rim to a second fastening portion offset against the former in the circumferential direction and being guided along the outside of the hub, wherein the hub takes a shape polygonal in cross-section on the outside to which an axial side of each spoke is adjacent. The invention further relates to a bicycle comprising said drive wheel configured as a rear wheel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for separating a phase (A) comprising at least one ionic liquid from a phase (B), where the phase (A) has a higher viscosity than the phase (B), which comprises the following steps: a) provision of a stream (S1) comprising a dispersion (D1) in which the phase (A) is dispersed in the phase (B), b) introduction of the stream (S1) into a coalescing device (KV), where the inflow rate of the stream (S1) is from 0.05 to 150 kg/(cm2*h) based on the average cross-sectional area of the coalescing device (KV), c) separation of the disperse phase (A) from the phase (B) in the coalescing device (KV), d) discharge of a stream (S2) comprising at least 70% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, of phase (A) from the coalescing device (KV) and e) discharge of a stream (S3) comprising at least 70% by weight, preferably at least 90% by weight, of phase (B) from the coalescing device (KV).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing cyclohexane from methylcyclopentane (MCP) and benzene. In the context of the present invention, MCP and benzene are constituents of a hydrocarbon mixture (HM1) additionally comprising dimethylpentanes (DMP), possibly cyclohexane and possibly at least one compound (low boiler) selected from acyclic C5-C6-alkanes and cyclopentane. First of all, benzene is converted in a hydrogenation step to cyclohexane (that present in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM2)), while MCP is isomerized in the presence of a catalyst, preferably of an acidic ionic liquid, to cyclohexane. After the hydrogenation but prior to the isomerization the dimethylpentanes (DMP) are removed, with initial removal of the cyclohexane present in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM2) together with DMP. This cyclohexane already present prior to the isomerization can be separated again from DMP in a downstream rectification step and isolated and/or recycled into the process for cyclohexane preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical reaction process, preferably an isomerization process, of at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an ionic liquid and a hydrogen halide (HX). The chemical reaction is carried out in an apparatus (V1) in which a gas phase is in direct contact with a liquid reaction mixture. The gas phase and the liquid reaction mixture each comprise the hydrogen halide and the liquid reaction mixture additionally comprises at least one hydrocarbon and the ionic liquid. Gaseous HX is introduced into the apparatus (V1) in such a way that the hydrogen halide partial pressure is kept constant in the gas phase. The ionic liquid used in the respective chemical reaction, in particular in an isomerization, can (inter alia) be regenerated by the process of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical reaction process, preferably an isomerization process, of at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an ionic liquid. The chemical reaction is carried out in an apparatus (V1) with at least one metal halide, preferably aluminum halide, being introduced repeatedly or continuously into the apparatus (V1). The anion of the ionic liquid used comprises at least one metal component and at least one halogen component. Here, the anion of the ionic liquid and the metal halide introduced into the apparatus (V1) have the same halogen component and the same metal component. The ionic liquid used in the respective chemical reaction, in particular in an isomerization, can (inter alia) be regenerated by the process of the invention.

Abstract: A field device for determining or monitoring a physical or chemical process variable in automation technology, comprising at least one transmitting/receiving element, wherein an FPGA component is provided, the transmitting/receiving element is configured in the form of a spiral from existing internal connecting lines of the FPGA component, and the spiral of the transmitting/receiving element transmits data inductively to a second transmitting/receiving element in the form of a spiral.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for hydrocarbon conversion in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid. The hydrocarbon conversion is preferably an isomerization, especially an isomerization of methylcyclopentane (MOP) to cyclohexane. Prior to the hydrocarbon conversion, a hydrogenation is performed, preference being given to hydrogenating benzene to cyclohexane. The cyclohexane obtained in the hydrogenation and/or isomerization is preferably isolated from the process. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogenation is followed and the hydrocarbon conversion, especially the isomerization, is preceded by distillative removal of low boilers, especially C5-C6-alkanes such as cyclopentane or isohexanes, from the hydrocarbon mixture used for hydrocarbon conversion.

Abstract: A field device is composed of a sensor, which works according to a defined measuring principle, and a control/evaluation unit, for a particular safety-critical application, conditions and evaluates, along at least two equivalent measuring paths, measurement data delivered by the sensor. The control/evaluation unit is implemented on an FPGA, provided with at least a first section and a second section. In each section, a digital measuring path, is dynamically reconfigurable. The sections are isolated from one another by permanently configured spacer regions, wherein the spacer regions are embodied in such a way, that a temperature and/or a voltage change in one of the sections has no influence on the other section or other sections, and, in the case of malfunction, no connection occurs between the sections.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing cyclohexane from benzene and/or methylcyclopentane (MCP) by hydrogenation or isomerization. Prior to the cyclohexane preparation, the dimethylpentanes (DMP) are removed in a distillation apparatus (D1) from a hydrocarbon mixture (HM1) comprising not only benzene and/or MCP but also DMP. If cyclohexane is already present in the hydrocarbon mixture (HM1), this cyclohexane is first removed together with DMP from benzene and/or MCP. This cyclohexane already present can be separated again from DMP in a downstream distillation step and recycled into the process for cyclohexane preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for treating an output from a hydrocarbon conversion, wherein the hydrocarbon conversion is performed in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid. The hydrocarbon conversion is preferably an isomerization. First of all, the hydrogen halide is drawn off in an apparatus from a mixture which originates from the hydrocarbon conversion and comprises at least one hydrocarbon and at least one hydrogen halide, and then the mixture depleted of hydrogen halide is subjected to a wash.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for treating an output from a hydrocarbon conversion, wherein the hydrocarbon conversion is performed in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid. The hydrocarbon conversion is preferably an isomerization. A mixture which originates from the hydrocarbon conversion and comprises at least one hydrocarbon and at least one hydrogen halide is washed with an aqueous medium having a pH between 5 and 9, which removes hydrogen halide from the mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for isomerizing at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid and at least one hydrogen halide (HX) in an apparatus (V1), wherein the hydrogen halide (HX) is removed in an apparatus (V2) in gaseous form from the isomerization product and is at least partly recycled into apparatus (V1).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical conversion process, preferably an isomerization process, for at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an ionic liquid. The chemical conversion is performed in a dispersion, with dispersion of the hydrocarbon (phase (B)) in the ionic liquid (phase (A)) in the dispersion, the volume ratio of phase (A) to phase (B) being in the range from 2.5 to 4:1 [vol/vol].

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for treating an output from a chemical reaction, wherein the chemical reaction is performed in the presence of an ionic liquid. The chemical reaction is preferably an isomerization. In a rectifying column with a partial condenser, the hydrogen halide is drawn off from a mixture which originates from the chemical reaction and comprises at least one organic compound, preferably at least one hydrocarbon, and at least one hydrogen halide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for performing a hydrocarbon conversion or processing an output from a hydrocarbon conversion in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid. The hydrocarbon conversion, which is preferably an isomerization, is performed in apparatuses whose surfaces which come into contact with the acidic ionic liquid have been manufactured completely or at least partially from at least one nonmetallic material. The nonmetallic material in turn has been applied to at least one further material other than the nonmetallic material.

Abstract: A field device, comprising a sensor, and a control/evaluation unit. The control/evaluation unit is implemented on an application-specific integrated circuit—an ASIC—which, in at least a first section and in a second section, is embodied as a dynamically reconfigurable logic chip. In each of the two sections, in each case, a measuring path composed of a plurality of function modules can be configured; wherein the individual sections are spaced apart from one another in such a manner, that a temperature and/or a voltage change in one of the sections has no influence on the other section or the other sections. The control/evaluation unit partially dynamically reconfigures the function modules in the measuring paths as a function of the particular defined safety-critical application, so that the field device fulfills the required safety standard.