Abstract: A method of locating a predetermined variation in the surface of a film such as selected depression or elevation on a film deposited on a surface and for measuring the depth of the depression or height of the elevation comprising the steps of establishing a datum plane based on the average level of the surface of the film, scanning the surface of the film with a laser beam until a predetermined variation from said datum plane is located, on the surface of the film, incrementally stepping the laser beam around and across the located variation, measuring the beam reflected at various points along the variation to determine the contour of the variation by establishing the slope of the variation between various measurements, establishing the apex of an elevation or bottom of a depression by determining when the measured slope goes to zero, and measuring the height of the established apex or depth of the established bottom of the depression with respect to the established datum plane of the film.

Abstract: A high temperature superconductor (HTS) fabrication process employs a two level metal deposition sequence for depositing a layer of metal (14, 18) over HTS material (12) to protect the HTS material from subsequent, possibly deleterious, processing steps. The process of the invention provides a capability for both patterning a HTS film material and electrically contacting the film using conventional photolithographic processes. The process of the invention furthermore accomplishes these objectives without degrading the superconducting properties of the film. The two level metal process protects the film from aqueous based processes such as photoresist development. The two level metal process furthermore does not require processes such as aqueous based chemical etching or ion milling of the surfaces of the superconducting film, thereby eliminating at least two processes which are known to degrade the superconducting properties of HTS material.

Abstract: A method of forming in a semiconductor material a region having a different chemical composition or a different concentration than a chemical composition or concentration of material surrounding the region. The method includes an initial step of providing a substantially single crystalline body of material, such as an epitaxial layer 10 of HgCdTe. Another step forms a cap layer 12 over a surface of the body, the layer having a thickness T. The cap layer 12 is comprised of a layer of polycrystalline material, such as CdTe, or is comprised of a layer of an organic material, an amorphous dielectric or a single-crystalline layer. A further step implants a selected chemical species through an upper surface of the cap, the species being implanted to a depth such that substantially no implant damage is sustained by the underlying body. In p-n junction formation the species is selected to form a region having an opposite type of electrical conductivity than the conductivity of the layer 10.

Abstract: A removable belt module for use in a reproduction machine for replacing photoreceptor belts including a pair of support rolls for supporting the photoreceptor belt and a pivot element disposed intermediate the support rolls and connected thereto by connecting arms, the arms being disposed in relative horizontal position for exerting tension on the belt for operation of the belt and being disposed in a relatively perpendicular relationship for relaxing the tension and replacing the belt. The belt module further includes shafts for engaging slots in the machine to mount the belt module and further includes a drive sprocket connected to one of the shafts for driving the photoreceptor belt.

Abstract: A method for making conductive brushes which comprises providing a rotatable cylindrical mandrel having a plurality of longitudinal recesses on its surface, and winding electrically conductive fibers from a supply around the mandrel by rotating the mandrel. The brush backing or base may be formed by a number of methods utilizing the recesses on the surface of the mandrel. In one embodiment, the brush backing is formed by placing a strip of a conductive material in each of the recesses, and after the conductive fibers have been wound thereover, the conductive fiber windings are caused to adhere to each other by adhesive means and another strip of conductive material is placed over the windings to mate with the strip in the recess to form the backing for the conductive brush. Individual conductive brushes are obtained by cutting the conductive fibers in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel.

Abstract: Cellular urethane polymers are provided by effecting the reaction of an organic polyol reactant comprising a polyether polyol and an organic polyisocyanate reactant in the presence of a blowing agent and a catalyst system comprising a tertiary-dimethylamino ether mono-ol. In the dimethylamino ether mono-ols employed as catalysts in the practice of the invention, the tertiary-dimethylamino group and the hydroxyl group are positioned beta to a common acyclic ether oxygen atom or to different acyclic ether oxygen atoms which in turn are positioned beta to one another. The said dimethylamino ether mono-ols are versatile, low odor catalysts and are useful in forming cellular urethane polymers ranging from all water-blown flexible polyether foam to all fluorocarbon-blown rigid foam including semi-flexible and high-resilience foam products.

Abstract: Cellular urethane polymers are provided by effecting the reaction of an organic polyol reactant comprising a polyether polyol and an organic polyisocyanate reactant in the presence of a blowing agent and a catalyst system comprising an N,N-dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitrile. The said N,N-dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitriles are versatile, low odor catalysts and are useful in forming cellular urethane polymers ranging from all water-blown flexible polyether foam to all fluorocarbon-blown rigid foam products. Especially preferred for use in the practice of the invention are 3-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)propionitrile and 3-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethoxy]propionitrile either as such or in combination with other catalysts including other tertiary-amine components and/or organic compounds of tin. Also provided are blended catalyst systems comprising said dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitriles.

Abstract: Lower alkanoate esters of alcohols are contacted in the vapor phase and at elevated temperatures with certain metal oxide catalysts to produce the aldehyde or ketone corresponding to said alcohol. Preferred catalysts include nickel oxide, zinc oxide and chromium oxide.

Abstract: Cellular urethane polymers are provided by effecting the reaction of an organic polyol reactant comprising a polyether polyol and an organic polyisocyanate reactant in the presence of a blowing agent and a catalyst system comprising a tertiary-dimethylamino ether mono-ol. In the dimethylamino ether mono-ols employed as catalysts in the practice of the invention, the tertiary-dimethylamino group and the hydroxyl group are positioned beta to a common acyclic ether oxygen atom or to different acyclic ether oxygen atoms which in turn are positioned beta to one another. The said dimethylamino ether mono-ols are versatile, low odor catalysts and are useful in forming cellular urethane polymers ranging from all water-blown flexible polyether foam to all fluorocarbon-blown rigid foam including semi-flexible and high-resilience foam products.

Abstract: Cellular urethane polymers essentially free of the strong, objectionable amine odor characteristic of N-ethylmorpholine, are provided by effecting the polyurethane forming reaction in the presence of beta-tertamino nitriles. In view of their low residual odor and effectiveness in the catalysis of the water-isocyanate reaction, the beta-amino nitriles either alone or in combination with other tertiary amines, are used with particular advantage as direct replacements for N-ethylmorpholine in the manufacture of water-blown flexible polyurethanes, both molded and free-rise, including high-resilience foam as well as foams stabilized with either organosilicone or silicon-free organic surfactants. Especially effective for the formation of flexible polyester foam stabilized with either type of surfactant are blends of the beta-amino nitrile catalyst such as, in particular, 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionitrile, with dimethylethanolamine or a bis[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)alkyl]-ether.

Abstract: Cellular urethane polymers are provided by effecting the reaction of an organic polyol reactant comprising a polyether polyol and an organic polyisocyanate reactant in the presence of a blowing agent and a catalyst system comprising an N,N-dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitrile. The said N,N-dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitriles are versatile, low odor catalysts and are useful in forming cellular urethane polymers ranging from all water-blown flexible polyether foam to all fluorocarbon-blown rigid foam products. Especially preferred for use in the practice of the invention are 3-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)propionitrile and 3-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethoxy]propionitrile either as such or in combination with other catalysts including other tertiary-amine components and/or organic compounds of tin. Also provided are blended catalyst systems comprising said dimethylaminoalkoxypropionitriles.

Abstract: Provided as catalysts for the formation of cellular urethane polymers ranging from flexible to rigid foams, are beta-amino carbonyl compounds wherein carbonyl is present as an amido or carboxylic acid ester group and the beta-amino group is present as dialkylamino or an N-morpholino or N,N'-piperazino heterocyclic nucleus. Effective in the catalysis of the water-isocyanate reaction, these beta-amino amides and beta-amino esters are used with particular advantage in the manufacture of water-blown flexible foams, both molded and free-rise, including high-resilience and flame-retarded foam. The beta-amino carbonyl catalysts allow for the formation of foam products essentially free of the odor associated with amines such as N-ethylmorpholine. In view of this highly desirable characteristic and their other beneficial properties, the catalysts of the invention are advantageously employed as direct replacements for N-ethylmorpholine in high-resilience and other foam formulations.

Abstract: Provided as catalysts for the formation of cellular urethane polymers ranging from flexible to rigid foams, are beta-amino carbonyl compounds wherein carbonyl is present as an amido or carboxylic acid ester group and the beta-amino group is present as dialkylamino or an N-morpholino or N,N'-piperazino heterocyclic nucleus. Effective in the catalysis of the water-isocyanate reaction, these beta-amino amides and beta-amino esters are used with particular advantage in the manufacture of water-blown flexible foams, both molded and free-rise, including high-resilience and flame-retarded foam. The beta-amino carbonyl catalysts allow for the formation of foam products essentially free of the odor associated with amines such as N-ethylmorpholine. In view of this highly desirable characteristic and their other beneficial properties, the catalysts of the invention are advantageously employed as direct replacements for N-ethylmorpholine in high-resilience and other foam formulations.

Abstract: Provided as catalysts for the formation of cellular urethane polymers ranging from flexible to rigid foams, are beta-amino carbonyl compounds wherein carbonyl is present as an amido or carboxylic acid ester group and the beta-amino group is present as dialkylamino or an N-morpholino or N,N'-piperazino heterocyclic nucleus. Effective in the catalysis of the water-isocyanate reaction, these beta-amino amides and beta-amino esters are used with particular advantage in the manufacture of water-blown flexible foams, both molded and free-rise, including high-resilience and flame-retarded foam. The beta-amino carbonyl catalysts allow for the formation of foam products essentially free of the odor associated with amines such as N-ethylmorpholine. In view of this highly desirable characteristic and their other beneficial properties, the catalysts of the invention are advantageously employed as direct replacements for N-ethylmorpholine in high-resilience and other foam formulations.