Abstract: The present process purifies a salt Cat+X?, where Cat+ is any cation and X? is an organic anion having at least 6 carbon atoms. The salt is an impurity in a composition comprising a water-soluble salt (Cat+)nYn?, where Yn? is an inorganic anion or an organic anion, different from X?, with at most 10 carbon atoms. The process involves converting X? into an acid HX by adding an acid (H+)mZm?, forming two phases: an organic phase comprising HX and an aqueous phase comprising the water-soluble salts (Cat+)mZm? and (Cat+)nYn? or acids (H+)nYn?. The organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase passes over a basic anion exchanger which binds Zm? and Yn? and liberates OH?, giving an aqueous mixture comprising Cat+OH?. The organic phase and the aqueous mixture are converted into Cat+X? and H2O, optionally with addition of further HX.

Abstract: The present invention relates to coating compositions for polyurethane coating materials that feature new catalysts.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing low-fibrillating cellulosic fibers by a dry-jet-wet spinning process is provided. The cellulose is treated with a specific ionic liquid based solvent to produce the said fibers with fibrillating index less than or equal to (3).

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing low fibrillating cellulose fibers by a dry-jet-wet spinning process wherein cellulose is treated with a solvent containing imidazolium ionic salt in a spinneret maintained at a temperature of 100-120° C. and the spun fibers drawn to the coagulation bath containing ionic salt with the draw ratio less than 5, to produce fibers with fibrillating index less than or equal to 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions containing polymeric, ionic compounds comprising imidazolium groups. In particular, it relates to the use of polymeric, ionic compounds comprising imidazolium groups in personal care compositions and/or in biocide compositions.

Abstract: Process for preparing salts K+ X?, where K+ is an organic cation and X? is an anion, by anion exchange, wherein a salt K+ Y?, where K+ is as defined above and Y? is an organic anion having a carboxylate, sulfonate or sulfate group, is used as starting material and K+ Y? is reacted with a hydrogen acid HX whose pKa is less than the pKa of the hydrogen acid HY and after the reaction, the salt K+ X? obtained and the hydrogen acid HY obtained are present in separate liquid phases.

Abstract: Method of separating acids from liquid compositions using a weakly basic ion exchanger, wherein the compositions comprise salts of an organic cation and an anion and the concentration of these salts in the composition is at least 1% by weight.

Abstract: A method of managing movement of an electric cable that is configured to provide power to a mobile machine. The method includes determining an initial boundary of an isolation zone in which the cable lies, for a first location of the machine. The initial boundary is divided into a first static boundary and a first dynamic boundary. The first static boundary surrounds a static isolation sub-zone of the isolation zone, and the first dynamic boundary surrounds a dynamic isolation sub-zone of the isolation zone. A second dynamic boundary surrounding the dynamic isolation sub-zone is determined, based on a second location of the machine when the machine moves from the first location to the second location, such that the cable lies within the second dynamic boundary. The first static boundary is maintained when the machine is in the second location.

Abstract: A method of managing movement of an electric cable that is configured to provide power to a mobile machine. The method includes determining an initial boundary of an isolation zone in which the cable lies, for a first location of the machine. The initial boundary is divided into a first static boundary and a first dynamic boundary. The first static boundary surrounds a static isolation sub-zone of the isolation zone, and the first dynamic boundary surrounds a dynamic isolation sub-zone of the isolation zone. A second dynamic boundary surrounding the dynamic isolation sub-zone is determined, based on a second location of the machine when the machine moves from the first location to the second location, such that the cable lies within the second dynamic boundary. The first static boundary is maintained when the machine is in the second location.

Abstract: A control system is disclosed for use with a plurality of mobile machines operating at a worksite having a resource. The control system may have a worksite controller configured to divide a common travel path into a plurality of segments, including at least a spot segment at the resource and a stage segment. The worksite control may further be configured to receive a first input indicative of a desire for a first of the plurality of mobile machines to leave the spot segment, and to direct the first of the plurality of mobile machines out of the spot segment based on the first input. The worksite controller may be further configured to receive first location information for the first of the plurality of mobile machines, and to direct the second of the plurality of mobile machines from the stage segment into the spot segment based on the first location information.

Abstract: Method and device for the plasma treatment of a substrate in a plasma device, wherein—the substrate (110) is arranged between an electrode (112) and a counter-electrode (108) having a distance d between a surface area of the substrate to be treated and the electrode, —a capacitively coupled plasma discharge is excited, forming a DC self-bias between the electrode (112) and the counter-electrode (108), —in an area of the plasma discharge between the surface area to be treated and the electrode having a quasineutral plasma bulk (114), a quantity of at least one activatable gas species, to which a surface area of the substrate to be treated is subjected, is present —it is provided that a plasma discharge is excited, —wherein the distance d has a value comparable to s=se+sg, where se denotes a thickness of a plasma boundary layer (119) in front of the electrode, and sg denotes a thickness of a plasma boundary layer (118) in front of the substrate surface to be treated or —wherein the quasineutral plasma bulk (114

Abstract: The invention relates to a new basic technology for magnetron sputtering of ceramic layers, in particular for optical applications. The new concept enables the construction of magnetron sputtering sources which, in comparison with the known methods, such as reactive DC-, MF- or RF magnetron sputtering or the magnetron sputtering of ceramic targets, enables significantly improved precision in the deposition of ceramic layers at an exactly defined rate and homogeneity and also with very good reproducibility.

Abstract: Process for preparing polymeric, ionic compounds comprising imidazolium groups, wherein an ?-dicarbonyl compound, an aldehyde, at least one amino compound having at least two primary amino groups, if appropriate an amino compound having only one primary amino group and a protic acid, where the carbonyl groups of the ?-dicarbonyl compound and of the aldehyde may, if appropriate, also be present as hemiacetal, acetal or hemiketal or ketal, are reacted with one another.

Abstract: Process for producing cellulose beads or lignocellulose beads, wherein cellulose or lignocellulose is dissolved in a solvent which comprises more than 50% by weight of the symmetrical imidazolium compound of the formula I below where R1 and R3 are each an identical organic radical having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, R2, R4 and R5 are each an H atom, X is an anion and n is 1, 2 or 3, and cellulose beads or lignocellulose beads are produced from the solution obtained, and also the use of the beads obtained for petroleum or natural gas recovery.

Abstract: A process for producing porous structures from polyamide by dissolving the polyamide in an ionic liquid and precipitating or coagulating the dissolved polyamide by contacting the solution with a liquid precipitant medium. Fibers are produced from the dissolved polyamide in a wet-spinning process by precipitation in protic solvents, in particular water, a C1-4-alkanol or mixtures thereof, and subsequent freeze-drying. Foils, films or coatings are produced by blade coating the dissolved polyamide onto a substrate surface, optionally spraying with protic solvent, in particular water, a C1-4-alcohol or mixtures thereof, dipping into a precipitation or coagulation bath, freeze-drying of the resulting foil, of the film or of the coated substrate. Molded parts are prepared by extracting the dissolved polyamide with protic solvents, preferably water, a C1-4-alcohol or mixtures thereof, wherein the dissolved polymer is transformed to a solid or wax-like state by cooling and extracted after subsequent moulding.

Abstract: Method of distilling mixtures comprising salts having a melting point of less than 200° C. at 1 bar (ionic liquids), wherein the cation of the ionic liquid comprises a heterocyclic ring system having at least one nitrogen atom and all nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic ring system have an organic group as substituent, the anion of the ionic liquid is a compound having at least one carboxylate group (carboxylate for short) or at least one phosphate group (phosphate for short) and the distance from the surface via which the heat of distillation is introduced in the distillation (vaporizer surface) to the surface at which condensation takes place (condenser surface) is less than 50 cm at least one point, with the vaporizer surface and condenser surface themselves having at least one length dimension of greater than 50 cm.

Abstract: Method of lightening the color of mixtures comprising imidazolium salts or imidazoles, wherein the mixtures are treated with an oxidant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing regenerated biopolymers in the form of carbohydrates, using a solvent system that contains the biopolymers dissolved therein. The solvent system is based on a melted ionic liquid and optionally a protic solvent or a mixture thereof. The biopolymers dissolved in the solvent system are precipitated in a coagulation medium, said medium comprising a protic coagulant or a mixture of protic coagulants. The method according to the invention is characterized in that the surface tension a of the coagulant or the mixture of coagulants is 99% to 30% of the surface tension a of water, the surface tension being measured according to ASTM D 1590-60 at a temperature of 50° C. The method according to the invention is economical and flexible and leads to advantageous products, especially in the form of staple fibers which are especially not fibrillated and have an advantageous wet to dry strength ratio.

Abstract: Process for preparing 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts of the formula I where R1 and R3 are each, independently of one another, an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R2, R4 and R5 are each, independently of one another, an H atom or an organic radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, X is the anion of a hydrogen acid having a pKa of at least 2 (measured at 25° C., 1 bar in water or dimethyl sulfoxide) and n is 1, 2 or 3, wherein a) an ?-dicarbonyl compound, an aldehyde, an amine and the hydrogen acid of the anion X? are reacted with one another and b) the reaction is carried out in water, a solvent which is miscible with water or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: Process for preparing salts of the formula I (B+)nxAy? where B is a cation comprising at least one nitrogen atom, A is an anion and n is an integer from 1 to 3, x and y are each an integer from 1 to 3 and the product of x and y is equal to n, by reacting salts of the formula II (B+)nxAy? where B and n, x and y are as defined above and C is a compound which has one or more carboxylate groups (referred to as carboxylate for short) and is different from A, with the ammonium salt of the anion A or with the protic acid of the anion A in the presence of ammonia.