Abstract: A method of cutting at least one thin layer from a substrate or ingot forming element for an electronic or optoelectronic or optical component or sensor. This method includes the steps of forming a weakened zone in the substrate or ingot forming element, wherein the weakened zone has a thickness that corresponds to that of the layer that is to be removed; and directing a pulse of energy into the substrate or forming element wherein the pulse has a duration shorter than or of the same order as that needed by a sound wave to pass through the thickness of the weakened zone. The energy of the pulse is sufficient to cause cleavage to take place in the weakened zone as the energy of the pulse is absorbed therein.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cooling system for a post combustion jet nozzle, The jet nozzle includes a primary gas duct allowing a primary flow of gas, and a secondary air duct allowing a secondary flow of air. The secondary air duct surrounds the primary gas duct and is separated from it by a protective thermal shroud. The secondary air duct has a downstream end, and dampers surrounding an output section of the primary gas duct. The system includes a protective thermal shell in the secondary air duct, at the downstream end of said duct. The protective thermal shell bears an annular diaphragm extending out in front of the dampers and being provided with support sectors and inter-sector zones equipped with slots. The inter-sector zones define spaces between the diaphragm and the protective thermal shroud.

Abstract: A high frequency transformer may include an integrated rectifier cell with flat windings and/or slotted copper segments stacked on a core branch to provide alternating primary and secondary windings. This reduces inductance leakage and thus increases the operating frequency of the transformer. Rectifying diodes of the rectifier cell may be arranged according to various configurations between the copper segments, and the collection plates may form one of the rectifier outputs. The other output may be provided by connecting all the midpoints of the windings with conductive spacers pressed together along a first axis. The invention is particularly advantageous in static converters, and, more particularly, in spot welding machines, for example.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cooling system for a post combustion jet nozzle (1), said jet nozzle comprising a primary gas duct (2) allowing a primary flow of gas, a secondary air duct (3) allowing a secondary flow of air, said secondary air duct surrounding the primary gas duct and separated from it by a protective thermal shroud (4), said secondary air duct having a downstream end (3a), dampers (5) surrounding an output section of the primary gas duct, the system comprising a protective thermal shell (7) in the secondary air duct, at the downstream end of said duct. According to the invention, the protective thermal shell bears an annular diaphragm (8) extending out in front of the dampers and being provided with support sectors (11) and inter-sector zones equipped with slots, said inter-sector zones defining spaces between the diaphragm and the protective thermal shroud.

Abstract: A method of cutting at least one thin layer from a substrate or ingot forming element for an electronic or optoelectronic or optical component or sensor. This method includes the steps of forming a weakened zone in the substrate or ingot forming element, wherein the weakened zone has a thickness that corresponds to that of the layer that is to be removed; and directing a pulse of energy into the substrate or forming element wherein the pulse has a duration shorter than or of the same order as that needed by a sound wave to pass through the thickness of the weakened zone. The energy of the pulse is sufficient to cause cleavage to take place in the weakened zone as the energy of the pulse is absorbed therein.

Abstract: A high frequency transformer may include an integrated rectifier cell with flat windings and/or slotted copper segments stacked on a core branch to provide alternating primary and secondary windings. This reduces inductance leakage and thus increases the operating frequency of the transformer. Rectifying diodes of the rectifier cell may be arranged according to various configurations between the copper segments, and the collection plates may form one of the rectifier outputs. The other output may be provided by connecting all the midpoints of the windings with conductive spacers pressed together along a first axis. The invention is particularly advantageous in static converters, and, more particularly, in spot welding machines, for example.

Abstract: In order to form separate particles from a flowable mass, the flowable mass is fed through a pipe and extruded through holes formed along a longitudinal axis thereof. The pipe is oscillated by an agitator in a direction transversely of the longitudinal axis to cause the extruded mass to be sheared-off in the form of particles. Stop members can be positioned adjacent respective sides of the pipes to be contacted by the pipe and thereby define change-of-direction points for the pipe during its oscillation. The agitator may include piezoelectric ceramics attached to the stop members.

Abstract: An electron accelerator for accelerating a first electron beam includes a resonant cavity, a source of electromagnetic energy for supplying the resonant cavity at a resonant frequency of the resonant cavity and for forming a second electron beam and injecting the second electron beam into the resonant cavity. The second electron beam is decelerated by the electromagnetic fields of the resonant cavity and the first electron beam is in phase opposition to the second electron beam.

Abstract: Electrostatic accelerator includes an accelerating column (20), a high voltage terminal (18) located at one end of said accelerating column and electric charge transport means, said transport means incorporating a high frequency accelerator such as a high frequency electron accelerator (54) able to supply an electron beam and means (56) for supplying the electron beam to the high voltage terminal, said electric charges being constituted by the electrons supplied by said high frequency accelerator.

Abstract: An electric pulse generator for the formation of high power electric pulses. The generator includes a capacitor having coaxial electrodes and a coaxial electrode shaping line. Magnetic compression means include the capacitor for charging the shaping line and a magnetic switch with a saturable inductor for discharging the shaping line. This arrangement reduces parasitic inductances and provides a generator having a compact, simple structure which is less expensive than known generators.

Abstract: Electric pulse generator having at least one capacitor in the form of a coaxial line section and a saturatable inductance coil serving as a switch. According to the invention, the saturatable inductance coil is located within the internal conductor of the coaxial line.

Abstract: An electron gun printer, having an electrically insulating vacuum enclosure, in which is located the gun, which gun emits an electron beam to a printing medium outside the enclosure, a focussing anode for modulating the intensity of the beam, deflecting coils or plates controlling an alternating movement of the beam to scan the lines of the printing medium, motor-driver rollers for controlling a displacement of the printing medium and a clock for synchronizing the anode and deflecting coils. One enclosure wall has at least two rows of windows arranged in staggered manner parallel to the scanned lines and respectively sealed by conductive plates, which are transparent to the electrons. The printer also includes plates or coils for deflecting the beam so that the beam alternately scans each row of windows during the displacement of the medium.

Abstract: The body of a writing member is movable in translation between a rest position and a work position, at least partly under the action of a magnetic force, and is permanently held against at least one guide element carried by the support, by means of a magnetic attraction force acting transversely relative to the direction of displacement in translation of the writing member.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for irradiating material by an electron beam. The apparatus comprises guidance means for placing the material on the path of the beam, an electron gun provided in a tight enclosure having a shape with a symmetry or revolution with respect to an axis, an electron-emitting filament located in the axis of the enclosure, as well as a Wehnelt electrode surrounding the filament. It is provided with a first circular slot for concentrating electrons in the vicinity of the said slot and an electron accelerating electrode surrounding the Wehnelt electrode and having a second circular slot facing the first slot. The enclosure comprises a tightly closed circular window which is transparent to the electrons and which faces the two slots.

Abstract: A pencil device for a plotting machine comprises a housing (10) including a barrel (13) with a passage (13a) therethrough for receiving a lead (12) said passage having an exit for the lead at a forward end of said barrel; lead feeding means (11, 14, 15) located in said housing for containing spare leads and for continuously feeding the passage of said barrel with a lead; lead driving means (16, 17) for pressing the lead located in the passage against the recording medium during a writing operation; and means (36) for urging the forward end of the barrel in contact with the recording medium so that a consumed lead is replaced by a new lead without interrupting a trace being produced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a miniature magnetic spectrometer with a coaxial structure. This spectrometer, associated with a particle generator, comprises a transformer producing a magnetic field for deflecting the charged particles injected at one end of the spectrometer body. The transformer is provided with a secondary circuit, constituting the spectrometer body, formed by an external conductor in short-circuit with an internal conductor and coaxial to the external conductor. These two conductors define an annular space in which can move the charged particles. Means for detecting the deflected particles, disposed at a second end of the spectrometer body, means for selecting the particles in accordance with their injected angle and a converter element for the particles placed in the annular space level with the first end also being provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for measuring a continuous neutron flux, and to an measuring apparatus for carrying out this process. According to the invention, a probe is disposed in the neutron flux, comprising a first part defining an enclosure and a second part disposed inside the enclosure and separated therefrom by a medium whose heat conductance is known, one of said parts being made at least partially of fissile material, and the difference in temperatures between the two parts is measured at equilibrium, to deduce therefrom the power released by the fissile material, then the neutron flux. The invention is more particularly applicable to measuring the neutron flux, particularly in the core of nuclear reactors.

Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide-containing acidic baths for pickling metals, the bath compositions being stabilized according to the invention so that the baths can be used over long periods of time without appreciable decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, such baths containing from about 10 to 400 g/liter of sulfuric acid, 2 to 80 g/liter of 100% hydrogen peroxide, and 10 to 500 mg/liter of an oxyquinoline derivative stabilizer, the compositions optionally containing a surface active agent, and/or from 0.3 to 2 g/liter of fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide polycondensate stabilizer as well as methods for pickling metals using such baths.