Abstract: A calendering method and calender in which a web material is passed through a calender, the calender being defined by two rolls having resilient roll coatings and being loaded towards each other so that due to the resilient nature of the roll coatings an extended nip is defined. Each of the calendering rolls being covered by a flexible calendering belt that is non-compressible in comparison to the roll coatings and each of the calendering belts being formed into a endless loop by passing over a respective alignment or reversing roll.

Abstract: A roll end for a roll, in particular for a heatable roll, in a paper or board machine or in a finishing machine has a whole formed by an end flange (31) and an axle journal (32), as well as a duct system (10) situated inside the material of the roll end (30), through which in a finished roll end a heat transfer medium is arranged to circulate from outside the roll through the axle journal (32) and the roll end (31) into bores of a roll shell and back. The roll end (30) is made by a powder metallurgy process in a mould (20) such that the duct system (10) for the heat transfer medium is formed in connection with the manufacture of the roll end by the powder metallurgy process. A hot isostatic pressing process in particular is used in the manufacture.

Abstract: A calendering method and calender in which a web material is passed through a calender, the calender nip being defined between a heatable hard roll and an endless, flexible and substantially non-compressible calendering belt. The heatable roll is heated in order to plasticize the surface layer of the web and the web is brought into contact with the heatable roll before the calendering of the web. After the preliminary contact of the web with the heatable roll a press treatment proper is applied to the web to be calendered in two stages. First a deformation is produced in the web in a press stage, after that the deformation that was produced is allowed to be reversed partially in a reversing stage and then a new deformation is produced in the web by pressing the web again in a finishing stage.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a calendar roll in which a continuous band of filler material is wound onto an axle until a desired diameter for the roll is obtained, and then an elastic coating is applied to an outermost surface of the band, i.e., the outermost layer of windings. An adhesive agent may be applied onto the band such that adjacent windings of the band adhere to one another during winding of the band onto the axle. Adjacent windings of the band in an uppermost layer of windings may be welded together to provide a foundation for the elastic coating. The calender roll includes an axle, a uniform and continuous band of filler material wound onto the axle to provide the roll with a desired diameter, and an elastic polymer coating arranged on an outermost layer of windings of the band on the axle.