Abstract: This application provides a communications method and a communications apparatus. A first station in a first multi-link device sends first information to a second multi-link device, where the first information is used to indicate a frequency at which how often a station in a power saving mode in the first multi-link device receives a beacon frame. In this way, the second multi-link device may learn about, based on the first information, how often a frequency at which a station in the first multi-link device receives a beacon frame, thereby helping the second multi-link device effectively manage a cache service of each station in the first multi-link device and manage a data buffer space.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a method for determining a data buffer status, and an apparatus. The method includes: A first MLD receives first indication information from a second MLD, and determines, based on the first indication information and a correspondence between an association identifier of the first MLD and a data type supported by the first MLD, a buffer status of bufferable data that corresponds to the at least one data type and that is in the second MLD, where the first indication information is used to indicate the buffer status of the bufferable data. According to the embodiments of this application, a data buffer status in a data type dimension can be determined. The embodiments of this application may be applied to a wireless local area network system that supports a next-generation Wi-Fi EHT protocol of the IEEE 802.11, that is, the 802.11 protocol such as 802.11be.

Abstract: This application provides a multi-link-based communication method and an apparatus, to resolve a problem of an improper switching operation in an MLO. This application is applied to a wireless local area network system that supports a next-generation Wi-Fi protocol of IEEE 802.11ax, for example, 802.11 series protocols such as 802.11be, Wi-Fi 7, or EHT, and a next generation protocol of 802.11be, Wi-Fi 8, or Wi-Fi AI, and may be applied to a UWB-based wireless personal local area network system and a sensing system. According to the method, a related condition of a group addressed frame other than a trigger frame, a multi-station block acknowledgment frame, and a no-data PPDU announcement frame is added to a condition set, so that a non-AP STA can determine, based on information about the group addressed frame when performing a switching operation, whether to switch to a listening operation mode.

Abstract: This application discloses a retransmitted data sending method, a retransmitted data receiving method, and a related apparatus, and relates to the field of communications technologies. In this solution, a transmit end generates a retransmitted codeword based on information bits of each codeword corresponding to an incorrect MPDU, where the retransmitted codeword includes a codeword having some of information bits included in the incorrect MPDU. For the codeword having some of information bits included in the incorrect MPDU, the transmit end punctures a correctly received information bit in the codeword, and then sends the information bit. In this way, a receive end may directly perform combined decoding or joint decoding on an LLR of a codeword of a retransmitted MPDU and an LLR of a codeword of an MPDU that is incorrectly received last time. This improves transmission efficiency and transmission reliability.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of wireless communication, and in particular, to an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) hybrid transmission method and apparatus. The method includes: An access point may send a trigger frame, to schedule stations supporting different standards to perform OFDMA uplink transmission, where the stations supporting different standards support different bandwidth sizes. The stations receiving the trigger frame send a trigger-based physical layer protocol data unit (TB PPDU) to the access point, where the TB PPDU includes uplink data of the stations supporting different standards, and the stations of different standards may send the uplink data by using RUs located in bandwidths respectively supported by the stations. Therefore, a channel can be fully utilized to improve frequency domain resource utilization.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus, and relates to the field of communication technologies. An AP generates a trigger frame, where the trigger frame includes a first user information field, a part or all of a frequency domain resource indicated by a resource unit allocation subfield in a fourth user information field before the first user information field is located on a primary 160 MHz channel, and a part or all of a frequency domain resource indicated by a resource unit allocation subfield in a fourth user information field after the first user information field is located on a secondary 160 MHz channel. Then, the AP sends the trigger frame.

Abstract: This application provides a channel access method and an apparatus, and relates to the field of communication technologies, to resolve a problem that it is difficult for a long range communication device to access a channel, and communication efficiency is low. The method includes: A first device detects a channel status in first duration. If a channel is in an idle state, M is subtracted from a value of a first counter, where M is a positive integer greater than 1. If the value of the first counter is greater than 0, the first device detects the channel status in next first duration; or if the value of the first counter is less than or equal to 0, the first device transmits data through the channel.

Abstract: The application provides a short training sequence design method and apparatus. The method includes: determining a short training sequence, where the short training sequence may be obtained based on an existing sequence, and the short training sequence with comparatively good performance may be obtained through simulation calculation, for example, by adjusting a parameter; and sending a short training field on a target channel, where the short training field is obtained by performing inverse fast Fourier transformation IFFT on the short training sequence, and a bandwidth of the target channel is greater than 160 MHz.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the wireless communication field, for example, is applied to a wireless local area network supporting the 802.11 standard, and in particular, to a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) transmission method and a related apparatus. The method includes: A first communication device generates and sends a first PPDU, where the first PPDU carries rotation coefficient indication information indicating a rotation coefficient of at least one field, which comprises at least one of an extremely high throughput short training field (EHT-STF) or an extremely high throughput long training field (EHT-LTF) and correspond to a frequency segment on which the first PPDU is transmitted, and the first PPDU is a sub-PPDU in an aggregated PPDU or a PPDU on a frequency segment among at least one PPDU in a multi-frequency segment transmission mode.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes a housing; a circuit board; and an electrode assembly including a first sub-electrode assembly and a second sub-electrode assembly mounted in the housing along a first direction. A first tab and a second tab of opposite polarities are disposed on the first sub-electrode assembly. A third tab and a fourth tab of opposite polarities are disposed on the second sub-electrode assembly. The first tab and the fourth tab are of opposite polarities. A plurality of conductive pieces are disposed on the circuit board. The first tab and the fourth tab each are connected to one separate conductive piece. The second tab is connected to the third tab. The second tab is connected to one of the conductive pieces. The first sub-electrode assembly and the second sub-electrode assembly are connected in series by the second tab and the third tab.

Abstract: Embodiments of the application relates to a method and an apparatus supporting beam training. This solution may be applied to a wireless local area network system supporting 802.11 series protocols such as a next-generation Wi-Fi protocol of IEEE 802.11ax like 802.11be, Wi-Fi 7, or EHT, or a next generation of 802.11be like Wi-Fi 8, or may be applied to a UWB-based wireless personal area network system or a sensing system. The method includes: generating first information, where the first information includes direction information and quantity information, the direction information indicates M directions, and the quantity information indicates a quantity N of repeated transmissions in each of the M directions; and sending the first information in a second frequency band.

Abstract: A data unit sending or receiving method and a related apparatus that belong to the field of communication technologies are provided. In this solution, a transmit end sends a first aggregated media access control protocol data unit (A-MPDU) and determines an MPDU that needs to be retransmitted in the first A-MPDU. The MPDU that needs to be retransmitted is included in a first A-MPDU subframe in the first A-MPDU. The first A-MPDU subframe includes a first MPDU delimiter, and the first MPDU delimiter includes a first end of frame (EOF) field and a first MPDU length field. The transmit end sends a second A-MPDU, where the second A-MPDU includes a second A-MPDU subframe, the second A-MPDU subframe includes the MPDU that needs to be retransmitted and a second MPDU delimiter, and the second MPDU delimiter includes a second EOF field and a second MPDU length field.

Abstract: APPDU-based communication method and apparatus are disclosed, are used in a wireless local area network system that supports 802.11 series protocols such as a next-generation Wi-Fi protocol of IEEE 802.11ax, for example, 802.11be, Wi-Fi 7, or EHT, and a next-generation protocol of 802.11be, for example, Wi-Fi 8. A transmit end generates a PPDU, and sends the PPDU on a first high frequency channel. Correspondingly, a receive end receives the PPDU on the first high frequency channel, and processes the PPDU. The first high frequency channel may include a first pilot subcarrier and a first data subcarrier, a quantity of first pilot subcarriers is greater than a quantity of second pilot subcarriers, and a quantity of first data subcarriers is equal to a quantity of second data subcarriers. This can effectively improve demodulation accuracy of the receive end.

Abstract: This application provides a full-duplex self-interference weakening method and a full-duplex self-interference weakening system. The full-duplex self-interference weakening method includes: separately receiving, by a first port of a dual-polarized receive antenna and a second port of the dual-polarized receive antenna, a signal sent by a transmit antenna; and adjusting and combining the signal received by the first port of the dual-polarized receive antenna and/or the signal received by the second port of the dual-polarized receive antenna, to weaken interference caused by the transmit antenna to the dual-polarized receive antenna. The full-duplex self-interference weakening method and the full-duplex self-interference weakening system provided in this application resolve a problem that a quantity of antennas and an antenna location are limited in an existing antenna interference cancelation method.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method and a related apparatus. The method includes: A network device generates a first physical layer protocol data unit PPDU. The first PPDU includes a first universal-Signaling field U-SIG field and a first extremely high throughput-Signaling field EHT-SIG field, a sum of a quantity of information bits of the first U-SIG field and a quantity of information bits of the first EHT-SIG field is less than or equal to 78 information bits, and at least one of the first U-SIG field and the first EHT-SIG field includes an identifier indication field, where the identifier indication field is used to uniquely identify one station. The network device sends an encoded first PPDU to a station.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of communications technologies, in particular Wireless Local Area Network technologies, and provides a method and apparatus for reducing a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) for transmitting a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), in particular reducing the PAPR for the U-SIG field. Methods are disclosed for both an access point (AP) and stations (STA).

Abstract: Disclosed are a communication method based on a PPDU and an apparatus. This application is applied to a wireless local area network system that supports 802.11 series protocols such as a next-generation Wi-Fi protocol of IEEE 802.11ax, for example, 802.11be, Wi-Fi 7, or EHT, and a next-generation Wi-Fi protocol of 802.11be or Wi-Fi 8, and may be further applied to a UWB-based wireless personal area network system, a sensing (sensing) system, and the like. The method includes: A transmit end generates the PPDU, and sends the PPDU. Correspondingly, a receive end receives the PPDU, and processes the PPDU. The PPDU may include an L-STF, an L-LTF, an L-SIG field, and a first STF.

Abstract: This application discloses an LDPC encoding and decoding method and a related apparatus. This application supports 802.11 series protocols such as Wi-Fi 8, UWB. The method includes: performing low-density parity-check LDPC encoding on an information bit sequence based on a parity check matrix, to obtain a first code word, where the parity check matrix complies with a base matrix, and the base matrix meets one of the following: Each row in the first two columns of the base matrix includes at least one 1, or the first two columns of the base matrix include “1 0” and “0 1” that alternate regularly, and “1 1” is included between “1 0” and “0 1”; and sending the first code word. The parity check matrix complies with the base matrix, which can accelerate an overall decoding convergence speed of a system.

Abstract: A bandwidth information indication method includes generating, by a first communications device, a first frame, where the first frame includes a channel bandwidth field, a first channel center frequency segment field, a second channel center frequency segment field, a third channel center frequency segment field, and a fourth channel center frequency segment field, where the channel bandwidth field indicates a basic service set (BSS) bandwidth, and the first channel center frequency segment field, the second channel center frequency segment field, the third channel center frequency segment field, and the fourth channel center frequency segment field indicate a location of an operating channel of a BSS, and sending, by the first communications device, the first frame.

Abstract: A STA in a STA MLD sends an information frame on a link corresponding to the station, and the information frame is used to indicate a STA in an awake state in the STA MLD. An AP MLD receives the information frame, and sends a downlink message frame on a one or more links corresponding to a part of or all of STAs in the awake state in the STA MLD.