Abstract: A method and system for active control of road network traffic congestion, and in particular, to the technical field of traffic congestion control includes: constructing a directed graph according to the positions of detectors in a road network; determining a free-flow reachability matrix of the directed graph and a plurality of neighborhood matrices with different orders according to a free-flow vehicle speed between cross-sections where the detectors are located and the directed graph; calculating a convolution operator of the directed graph within a set time period; inputting the convolution operator of the directed graph within the set time period into a long short-term memory neural network model to obtain a traffic state of each cross-section at each moment within a predicted time period; and determining whether a control method for each cross-section is single-point control or circle layer control.

Abstract: Provided is a post-treatment method and system for a core-shell catalyst, which relate to the field of fuel cell materials. The post-treatment method of the present disclosure includes the following steps: a core-shell catalyst is added into an electrolyte solution containing citric acid or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, a gas containing oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte solution followed by stirring for a predetermined reaction time, the open circuit potential of the reactor base is recorded during the reaction time, and the open circuit potential should stabilize at 0.90˜1.0 V vs. RHE when the reaction is completed. The molar ratio of citric acid or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to platinum of the core-shell catalyst is 10 to 1000:1. A percentage of oxygen in the gas is 10 to 100% by volume. The post-treatment method of the present disclosure can significantly improve the platinum mass activity and PGM mass activity and durability of core-shell catalyst.

Abstract: Electrocatalysts and methods of forming the same are provided. A hybrid electrocatalyst can be a combination of a platinum (Pt)-based catalyst and a carbon-based non-precious-metal catalyst using a single atom approach. A fuel cell electrocatalyst can include a nitrogen-doped carbon support and a plurality of atoms of both Pt and of a non-precious-metal catalyst dispersed in the support. The dispersed atoms can be isolated from each other within the support.

Abstract: A Pd—Ru alloy catalyst for hydrogen production and its preparation methods are provided. The catalyst can include a plurality of particles comprising an alloy of at least palladium (Pd) and ruthenium (Ru). Moreover, the catalyst can further include a support material such as carbon support having external or internal surfaces on which the plurality of particles is dispersed. The alloy catalyst can have a molar ratio of Pd:Ru in a range of about 0.5:1 to about 9:1. For hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the Pd—Ru alloy catalyst exhibits increased catalytic activities comparing to some well-known catalysts.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery system having a solid-state electrolyte composite is provided. The solid-state electrolyte composite includes a porous framework providing support and mechanical strength for the solid-state electrolyte composite and a plurality of ionic conductors filling voids of the porous framework for maximizing ionic conductance of the solid-state electrolyte composite. The porous framework may be made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymers and the plurality of ionic conductors may be made of poly(ethylene oxide)-LiN(SO2CF3)2 (PEO-LiTFSI) polymers. The all-solid-state battery system includes battery cells each including a cathode current collector, a cathode disposed beneath and connected to the cathode current collector, the solid-state electrolyte composite disposed beneath and connected to the cathode, an anode disposed beneath and connected to the solid-state electrolyte composite, and an anode current collector disposed beneath and connected to the anode.

Abstract: A Pd—Ru alloy catalyst for hydrogen production and its preparation methods are provided. The catalyst can include a plurality of particles comprising an alloy of at least palladium (Pd) and ruthenium (Ru). Moreover, the catalyst can further include a support material such as carbon support having external or internal surfaces on which the plurality of particles is dispersed. The alloy catalyst can have a molar ratio of Pd:Ru in a range of about 0.5:1 to about 9:1. For hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the Pd—Ru alloy catalyst exhibits increased catalytic activities comparing to some well-known catalysts.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method of processing a material for a catalyst includes establishing an electrical potential on a porous electrode. Core particles are directed through the porous electrode. A layer of metal is deposited on the core particles as the particles pass through the porous electrode. According to an embodiment, an example assembly for processing a material for a catalyst includes a housing that establishes a path for particles to move through the housing. A porous electrode is situated within the housing for permitting core particles to move through the porous electrode. A layer of metal can be deposited on the core particles as the particles pass through the porous electrode.

Abstract: A core-shell catalyst includes a porous, palladium-based core particle and a catalytic layer on the particle. The particle can be made by providing a precursor particle that has palladium interspersed with a sacrificial material. At least a portion of the sacrificial material is then removed such that the remaining precursor particle is porous.

Abstract: A nanoparticle includes a noble metal skeletal structure. The noble metal skeletal structure is formed as an atomically thin layer of noble metal atoms that has a hollow center.

Abstract: A supported catalyst includes a plurality of support particles that each include a carbon support and a layer disposed around the carbon support. The layer is selected from a metal carbide, metal oxycarbide, and combinations thereof. A catalytic material is disposed on the layers of the support particles.

Abstract: A unitized electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, an electrolyte and palladium catalytic nanoparticles. The electrolyte is positioned between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode. The palladium catalytic nanoparticles are positioned between the electrolyte and one of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. The palladium catalytic nanoparticles have a {100} enriched structure. A majority of the surface area of the palladium catalytic nanoparticles is exposed to the UEA environment.

Abstract: A method of forming a catalyst material includes hindering the reaction rate of a displacement reaction and controlling the formation of platinum clusters, where an atomic layer of metal atoms is displaced with platinum atoms, to produce a catalyst material that includes an atomic layer of the platinum atoms.

Abstract: A method for removing a surfactant from a palladium nanoparticle includes exposing the palladium nanoparticle to hydrogen and removing the surfactant from the palladium nanoparticle. A method includes synthesizing a palladium nanoparticle using a surfactant. The surfactant influences a geometric property of the palladium nanoparticle and bonds to the palladium nanoparticle. The method also includes exposing the palladium nanoparticle to hydrogen to remove the surfactant from the palladium nanoparticle.

Abstract: A supported catalyst is prepared by a process that includes establishing shell-removal conditions for a supported catalyst intermediate that includes capped nanoparticles of a catalyst material dispersed on a carbon support. The capped nanoparticles each include a platinum alloy core capped in an organic shell. The shell-removal conditions include an elevated temperature and an inert gas atmosphere that is substantially free of oxygen. The organic shell is removed from the platinum alloy core under the shell-removal conditions to limit thermal decomposition of the carbon support and thereby limit agglomeration of the catalyst material such that the supported catalyst includes an electrochemical surface area of at least 30 m2/gPt.

Abstract: An illustrative example embodiment of a hydrocarbon reformer includes a vessel with at least one inlet and at least one outlet. A reforming catalyst is in the vessel includes a metal core and a rhodium layer deposited on the metal core. Hydrogen is generated when hydrocarbon introduced through the inlet reacts with water in the presence of the reforming catalyst. The hydrogen is released from the vessel through the at least one outlet.

Abstract: An example fuel cell electrode forming method includes covering at least a portion of a copper monolayer with a liquid platinum and replacing the copper monolayer to form a platinum monolayer from the liquid platinum.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method of processing a material for a catalyst includes establishing an electrical potential on a porous electrode. Core particles are directed through the porous electrode. A layer of metal is deposited on the core particles as the particles pass through the porous electrode. According to an embodiment, an example assembly for processing a material for a catalyst includes a housing that establishes a path for particles to move through the housing. A porous electrode is situated within the housing for permitting core particles to move through the porous electrode. A layer of metal can be deposited on the core particles as the particles pass through the porous electrode.

Abstract: A method for forming catalytic nanoparticles includes forming core-shell catalytic nanoparticles and processing the core-shell catalytic nanoparticles. The core-shell catalytic nanoparticles have a palladium core enclosed by a platinum shell. The core-shell catalytic nanoparticles are processed to increase the percentage of the surface area of the core-shell catalytic nanoparticles covered by the platinum shell.

Abstract: A core-shell catalyst includes a porous, palladium-based core particle and a catalytic layer on the particle. The particle can be made by providing a precursor particle that has palladium interspersed with a sacrificial material. At least a portion of the sacrificial material is then removed such that the remaining precursor particle is porous.

Abstract: A supported catalyst includes a plurality of support particles that each include a carbon support and a layer disposed around the carbon support. The layer is selected from a metal carbide, metal oxycarbide, and combinations thereof. A catalytic material is disposed on the layers of the support particles.