Abstract: The device comprises a first substrate with a plurality of electron emitters arranged in a matrix, a second substrate arranged in opposed relation to the first substrate and having a phosphor pattern formed on the surface thereof nearer to the first substrate for emitting light by receiving the electron beam from the electron emitters and a metal thin film for accelerating the electron beam, and a plurality of spacers arranged between the first and second substrates. The spacers each include first sheet-form support members and second sheet-form support members extending in a direction at right angles to the first sheet-form support members. The first sheet-form support members and the second sheet-form support members are coupled or combined with each other to form spaces with a rectangular section parallel to the first or second substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemical reactor for carrying out chemical reactions of substances to be treated in the presence of excess oxygen in which nitrogen oxides can be decomposed and removed with high efficiency and low energy consumption, wherein the catalytic reaction is utilized to reduce the content of excess oxygen during the chemical reactions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a chemical reactor having an electrochemical cell containing a three-layer structure for the decomposition and removal of a substance treated by a chemical reaction.

Abstract: The surface of a member formed of at least one kind of ceramics, metals and C/C composites, is covered with an outermost surface oxide covering layer having a stability against the environment in the atmospheric air at 1500.degree. C.; and a self-recoverable layer as an intermediate layer formed between the outermost surface oxide covering layer and the surface of the member. The self-recoverable layer has an oxidizing rate greater than that of the outermost surface covering layer for recovering cracks generated on the outermost surface covering layer, and a compound produced by the self-recoverable layer has the same phase as in the outermost surface covering layer. To achieve the optimum self-recovering function at high temperatures, the outermost surface oxide covering layer may be made of a stable oxide having a vapor pressure of 1.times.10.sup.-4 /m.sup.2 or less in the atmospheric air at 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: A method of estimating non-destructively the life expectancy of ceramic members, at least a surface layer of which is made of ceramics, is disclosed. The method comprises measuring a variation in at least one of physical characteristics of said ceramic members including color, grain size, electroconductivity and Young's modulus and estimating the life expectancy of the ceramic members on the basis of the predetermined relationship between the life of said ceramics and the physical characteristics. The method is excellent in estimation of the life expectancy of ceramic members of gas turbines or nuclear fusion reactor since the life expectancy of the members to be inspected can easily be estimated in a short time without fracturing the members.

Abstract: To provide diagnosis of service life and maintenance requirements, a sintered ceramic body which in use is subjected to stress and undergoes change with time as a result of the stress is provided with an electrically conductive element in contact with the sintered ceramic material The element has a measurable electrical resistance which increases in dependence on the change of the ceramic body. This permits information to be obtained about said change of said body. Measuring means for the electrical resistance is connected to the conductive element. The electrically conductive element as seen in cross-section, may comprise a bundle of elongate members such as fibers or whiskers.