Abstract: Provided is a method of estimating velocity of a vehicle, in which at least one black box is installed, the method including: receiving acoustic information from the black box, the acoustic information being synchronized with time of a certain image; transforming the acoustic information of a time domain to frequency data of a frequency domain via fast Fourier transformation (FFT); calculating revolutions per minute (RPM) of a main engine from the frequency data by using order analysis; and calculating velocity of the vehicle at the time of the certain image by using the RPM of the main engine and vehicle information.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first insulating interlayer on a substrate, metal lines in the first insulating interlayer, a first air gap between the metal lines in a first region of the substrate and a second air gap between the first insulating interlayer and at least one of the metal lines in a second region of the substrate, a liner layer covering top surfaces and side walls of the metal lines and a top surface and a side wall of the first insulating interlayer, adjacent to the first and second air gaps, and a second insulating interlayer on the liner layer and contacting the liner layer.

Abstract: Methods of forming a semiconductor device are provided. A method of forming a semiconductor device may include forming a capping layer on a metal pattern and on an adjacent portion of an insulating layer, the capping layer comprising a first etch selectivity, with respect to the insulating layer, on the metal pattern and a second etch selectivity, with respect to the insulating layer, on the portion of the insulating layer. Moreover, the method may include forming a recess region adjacent the metal pattern by removing the capping layer from the portion of the insulating layer. At least a portion of the capping layer may remain on an uppermost surface of the metal pattern after removing the capping layer from the portion of the insulating layer. Related semiconductor devices are also provided.

Abstract: By using the distillation device of the present application, energy loss occurring in a purification process of a solution including a waste stripper and a stripped photoresist resin used in a stripping process of a photoresist can be minimized and the installation cost of the distillation device can be reduced compared to the case in which dual distillation columns are used, thereby increasing the economic feasibility of a process.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device can include forming an insulation layer using a material having a composition selected to provide resistance to subsequent etching process. The composition of the material can be changed to reduce the resistance of the material to the subsequent etching process at a predetermined level in the insulation layer. The subsequent etching process can be performed on the insulation layer to remove an upper portion of the insulation layer above the predetermined level and leave a lower portion of the insulation layer below the predetermined level between adjacent conductive patterns extending through the lower portion of the insulation layer. A low-k dielectric material can be formed on the lower portion of the insulation layer between the adjacent conductive patterns to replace the upper portion of the insulation layer above the predetermined level.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes an interlayer insulating film, a first trench having a first width, and a second trench having a second width, the second trench including an upper portion and a lower portion, the second width being greater than the first width, a first wire substantially filling the first trench and including a first metal, and a second wire substantially filling the second trench and including a lower wire and an upper wire, the lower wire substantially filling a lower portion of the second trench and including the first metal, and the upper wire substantially filling an upper portion of the second trench and including a second metal different from the first metal.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device, a first active region has a first ?-shape, and the second active region has a second ?-shape. When a line that is perpendicular to the substrate and passes a side surface of a first gate electrode in the first region is defined as a first vertical line, when a line that is perpendicular to the substrate and passes a side surface of a second gate electrode in the second region is defined as a second vertical line, when a shortest distance between the first vertical line and the first trench is defined as a first horizontal distance, and when a shortest distance between the second vertical line and the second trench is defined as a second horizontal distance, a difference between the first horizontal distance and the second horizontal distance is equal to or less than 1 nm.

Abstract: There is provided a method for fabricating a substrate structure capable of enhancing process reproducibility and process stability by trimming a bevel region of a substrate using a wafer level process. The method includes providing a first substrate including first and second surfaces opposite each other and a first device region formed at the first surface, providing a second substrate including third and fourth surfaces opposite each other and a second device region at the third surface, bonding the first substrate and the second substrate to electrically connect the first device region and the second device region, and forming a trimmed substrate. The forming the trimmed substrate includes etching an edge region of the second substrate bonded to the first substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor chip includes a semiconductor substrate including a bump region and a non-bump region, a bump on the bump region, and a passivation layer on the bump region and the non-bump region of the semiconductor substrate. No bump is on the non-bump region. A thickness of the passivation layer in the bump region is thicker than a thickness of the passivation layer in the non-bump region. The passivation layer includes a step between the bump region and the non-bump region.

Abstract: A plug structure of a semiconductor chip includes a substrate, an insulating interlayer disposed on the substrate, wherein the insulating interlayer includes a pad structure disposed therein, a via hole penetrating the substrate and the insulating interlayer, wherein the via hole exposes the pad structure, an insulating pattern formed on an interior surface of the via hole, wherein the insulating pattern includes a burying portion, and the burying portion fills a notch disposed in the substrate at the interior surface of the via hole, and a plug formed on the insulating pattern within the via hole, wherein the plug is electrically connected with the pad structure.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes an electroplating bath including an anode installed therein and a plating solution received therein, a substrate holder configured to hold a substrate to be submerged into the plating solution and including a support surrounding the substrate and a cathode on the support to be electrically connected to a periphery of the substrate, a magnetic field generating assembly provided in the support and including at least one electromagnetic coil extending along a circumference of the substrate, and a power supply configured to current to the electromagnetic coil.

Abstract: Methods of forming a semiconductor device are provided. A method of forming a semiconductor device may include forming a capping layer on a metal pattern and on an adjacent portion of an insulating layer, the capping layer comprising a first etch selectivity, with respect to the insulating layer, on the metal pattern and a second etch selectivity, with respect to the insulating layer, on the portion of the insulating layer. Moreover, the method may include forming a recess region adjacent the metal pattern by removing the capping layer from the portion of the insulating layer. At least a portion of the capping layer may remain on an uppermost surface of the metal pattern after removing the capping layer from the portion of the insulating layer. Related semiconductor devices are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating semiconductor devices may provide enhanced performance and reliability by recovering quality of a low-k insulating film damaged by a plasma process. A method may include forming a first interlayer insulating film having a trench therein on a substrate, filling at least a portion of the trench with a metal wiring region, exposing a surface of the metal wiring region and a surface of the first interlayer insulating film to a plasma in a first surface treatment process, then exposing the surface of the first interlayer insulating film to a recovery gas containing a methyl group (—CH3) in a second surface treatment process, and then forming an etch stop layer on the metal wiring region and the first interlayer insulating film.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an insulating interlayer on a first region of a substrate. The insulating interlayer has a recess therein and includes a low-k material having porosity. A damage curing layer is formed on an inner surface of the recess. A barrier pattern is formed on the damage curing layer. A copper structure fills the recess and is disposed on the barrier pattern. The copper structure includes a copper pattern and a copper-manganese capping pattern covering a surface of the copper pattern. A diffusion of metal in a wiring structure of the semiconductor device may be prevented, and thus a resistance of the wiring structure may decrease.

Abstract: A semiconductor package of a package on package type includes a lower package including a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate including a plurality of base layers and a cavity penetrating the plurality of base layers, a first semiconductor chip in the cavity. a redistribution structure on a first surface of the PCB substrate and on an active surface of the first semiconductor chip, a first cover layer covering the redistribution structure, and the second cover layer covering a second surface of the PCB substrate and an inactive surface of the first semiconductor chip, and an upper package on the second cover layer of the lower package and including a second semiconductor chip.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first insulating interlayer on a substrate, metal lines in the first insulating interlayer, a first air gap between the metal lines in a first region of the substrate and a second air gap between the first insulating interlayer and at least one of the metal lines in a second region of the substrate, a liner layer covering top surfaces and side walls of the metal lines and a top surface and a side wall of the first insulating interlayer, adjacent to the first and second air gaps, and a second insulating interlayer on the liner layer and contacting the liner layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a first interlayer insulating layer including a first trench, on a substrate a first liner layer formed along a side wall and a bottom surface of the first trench and including noble metal, the noble metal belonging to one of a fifth period and a sixth period of a periodic chart that follows numbering of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and belonging to one of eighth to tenth groups of the periodic chart, and a first metal wire filling the first trench on the first liner layer, a top surface of the first metal wire having a convex shape toward a bottom suffice of the first trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a plurality of wiring structures spaced apart from each other, and an insulating interlayer structure. Each of the wiring structures includes a metal pattern and a barrier pattern covering a sidewall, a bottom surface, and an edge portion of a top surface of the metal pattern and not covering a central portion of the top surface of the metal pattern. The insulating interlayer structure contains the wiring structures therein, and has an air gap between the wiring structures.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first conductive pattern on a substrate, an insulating diffusion barrier layer conformally covering a surface of the first conductive pattern, the insulation diffusion barrier layer exposed by an air gap region adjacent to a sidewall of the first conductive pattern, and a second conductive pattern on the first conductive pattern, the second conductive pattern penetrating the insulating diffusion barrier layer so as to be in contact with the first conductive pattern.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices may include a diffusion prevention insulation pattern, a plurality of conductive patterns, a barrier layer, and an insulating interlayer. The diffusion prevention insulation pattern may be formed on a substrate, and may include a plurality of protrusions protruding upwardly therefrom. Each of the conductive patterns may be formed on each of the protrusions of the diffusion prevention insulation pattern, and may have a sidewall inclined by an angle in a range of about 80 degrees to about 135 degrees to a top surface of the substrate. The barrier layer may cover a top surface and the sidewall of each if the conductive patterns. The insulating interlayer may be formed on the diffusion prevention insulation pattern and the barrier layer, and may have an air gap between neighboring ones of the conductive patterns.