Abstract: Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced from coal, char or other carbonaceous material in a processing combination comprising a catalytic CO generator employing as reactant materials, fluid carbon material and CO.sub.2 product of the reaction of steam with CO to produce hydrogen and CO.sub.2. CO.sub.2 produced in the process is relied upon as the primary endothermic heat source in the fluid CO generator.

Abstract: A process for the direct conversion of an aqueous solution of carbohydrates to hydrocarbons where a feed consisting essentially of an aqueous solution of carbohydrates is passed over a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst having a constraint index of 1 to 12 and a silica/alumina molar ratio of about 12. An important feature of this invention is the short amount of time the aqueous carbohydrate solution is in contact with the catalyst.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbon oil by thermal treatment which in one preferred embodiment involves heating a petroleum residuum type of heavy oil feedstock at a temperature of 450.degree.-550.degree. C. and a pressure of 10-200 psi for a period of about 0.1-1 hour to convert at least 60 weight percent of the heavy oil to gasoline and gas oil range products, and additionally providing a residual tar fraction which has a fusion temperature below about 160.degree. C.About 1-10 weight percent of solid carbonaceous fines are incorporated in the feedstock to suppress the deposition of coke in the thermal treatment zone.

Abstract: A process for dewaxing a hydrocarbon feedstock with a relatively high pour point and containing paraffins selected from the group of normal paraffins and slightly branched paraffins and sulfur and nitrogen compounds which comprises subjecting said oil to hydrotreating in a hydrotreating zone operated at hydrotreating conditions sufficient to remove at least a portion of said sulfur and nitrogen compounds and subjecting said hydrotreated oil to catalytic dewaxing by contacting said oil with a catalyst comprising zeolite beta having a silica/alumina ratio of at least 30:1 and a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component under isomerization conditions.

Abstract: In an ethanol fermentation process in which an aqueous solution of fermentable sugar is converted by an ethanol-producing microorganism such as a yeast to a dilute aqueous solution of ethanol with the ethanol being present in the solution at a concentration which does not exceed a predetermined maximum level, an improvement is provided which comprises selectively sorbing ethanol present in the solution within a hydrophilic crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite so that the non-sorbed ethanol present in the solution does not exceed the predetermined maximum level of concentration therein, and thereafter removing sorbed ethanol from the zeolite.

Abstract: A process is provided for the conversion of carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose and sugar into hydrocarbon products of increased carbon content. Solutions of the carbohydrate are contacted with a crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5 at a temperature 300.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. to provide hydrocarbon products which are useful as chemicals or fuels.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks such as distillate fuel oils and gas oils are dewaxed by isomerizing the waxy components over a zeolite beta catalyst. The process may be carried out in the presence or absence of added hydrogen. Preferred catalysts have a zeolite silica:alumina ratio over 100:1.

Abstract: The high boiling fraction of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is upgraded by contact with a catalyst comprising a high-silica, large pore zeolite and a hydrogenation component. The products are a distillate fraction characterized by low sulfur and nitrogen content, high isoparaffin content and low pour point and a lube fraction characterized by its high viscosity index and low pour point.

Abstract: A fixed-sulfur, solid fuel product is obtained by an improved coking process wherein petroleum fractions are coked in the presence of added alkaline earth metal oxides. The fixed-sulfur, solid fuel product comprises coke and from about 3 to 30 weight percent, preferably from about 5 to 15 weight percent, "ash" (calculated as calcium oxide) derived from the alkaline earth additive. The quantity alkaline earth metal oxide or precursor thereof added to the coking zone is dependent on the sulfur content of the product coke and on the desired ash content of the solid fuel product. The coking zone may comprise delayed, fluid bed, or moving bed cokers.

Abstract: The present invention provides two-stage and three-stage fluidized bed process embodiments for burning carbonaceous solids for the generation of heat to produce motive fluids for application in combined cycle power plant systems.The finely-divided refractory solids employed in the fluidized beds may contain sorbent material to neutralize noxious gas constituents and yield a clean flue gas for venting.

Abstract: An improved process for upgrading vacuum resids to premium liquid products which comprises mild hydrotreating of the vacuum resids followed by fractionating and short contact time thermal cracking of the fraction boiling above 850.degree. F.+, such as by short contact time thermal cracking or rapid pyrolysis.

Abstract: A combined process for treating heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as resids that minimizes coke production and maximizes naphtha production, comprising the steps of thermally treating the feedstocks, in the absence of an added catalyst and either with or without hydrogen and steam, at a temperature of at least about 750.degree. F. (399.degree. C.) and under a pressure greater than about 400 psig to create significant chemical transformations without causing phase separation and consequent formation of sludge or a coke deposit; topping the thermally treated product to produce a distillate fraction and a bottoms fraction; coking the bottom fraction to produce gas, liquid products, and coke; and finally catalytically cracking the combined distillate fraction and liquid products to recover gas, gasoline, and light distillate products.

Abstract: In an ethanol fermentation process in which an aqueous solution of fermentable sugar is converted by an ethanol-producing microorganism such as a yeast to a dilute aqueous solution of ethanol with the ethanol being present in the solution at a concentration which does not exceed a predetermined maximum level, an improvement is provided which comprises selectively sorbing ethanol present in the solution within a hydrophilic crystalline aluminosilicate ZSM-5 or HZSM-5 zeolite so that the non-sorbed ethanol present in the solution does not exceed the predetermined maximum level of concentration therein, and thereafter removing sorbed ethanol from the zeolite.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks such as distillate fuel oils and gas oils are dewaxed by isomerizing the waxy components over a zeolite beta catalyst. The process may be carried out in the presence or absence of added hydrogen. Preferred catalysts have a zeolite silica:alumina ratio over 100:1.

Abstract: This invention provides an improved process for hydroconversion of a heavy hydrocarbon oil having a CCR content of 8-30 weight percent, which process involves contacting the heavy oil in a hydrovisbreaking zone containing a low acidity zeolite catalyst and recovering and fractionating the visbroken effluent to provide distillate products and a 1000.degree. F.+ fraction which has a Kinematic Viscosity between about 30,000-60,000 centistokes at 100.degree. F.

Abstract: Conversion of hydrocarbons is conducted over low acidity zeolites such as the sodium form of zeolite ZSM-5 to yield products like those produced by hydrocracking but with substantially decreased proportion of light hydrocarbons having one to four carbon atoms. (Sulfiding of sodium zeolites activates such sodium zeolites for the present purpose.) The hydrocarbon conversion is conducted with mixed phase charge (Trickle mode) under hydrogen pressure or with liquid phase charge in a liquid-full reactor.A catalyst composition comprising a metallic hydrogenation catalyst on a refractory support and an alkali metal crystalline zeolite.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of high quality lubricating oils having a high viscosity index and low pour point is disclosed which comprises catalytically dewaxing a lubricating oil stock by contacting the same in the presence of hydrogen over a zeolite such as ZSM-5 which has been silica-modified.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon oil to motor fuel products.The heavy hydrocarbon oil is admixed with a metal halide catalyst and a solvent component under supercritical conditions to form (1) a dense-gas solvent phase which contains refined hydrocarbon crackate, and which is substantially free of metal halide catalyst content; and (2) a residual asphaltic phase.

Abstract: An improved solid fuel obtained by blending fluid coke with 2 to 20 wt. % of a heavy petroleum liquid.

Abstract: A fixed-sulfur, solid fuel product is obtained by an improved coking process wherein petroleum fractions are coked in the presence of added alkaline earth metal oxides. The fixed-sulfur, solid fuel product comprises coke and from about 3 to 30 weight percent, preferably from about 5 to 15 weight percent, "ash" (calculated as calcium oxide) derived from the alkaline earth additive. The quantity alkaline earth metal oxide or precursor thereof added to the coking zone is dependent on the sulfur content of the product coke and on the desired ash content of the solid fuel product. The coking zone may comprise delayed, fluid bed, or moving bed cokers.